European Integratıon

Yanıt Açıklaması: The probable reasons of the failures of the economic integration initiatives might be as follows: 1. High-dependence on trade with the countries that are outside the economic integration, 2. A small domestic market that is far from supporting a higher degree of industrialization and economies of scale, 3. High transportation costs and weak international relations, 4. Addiction to a central planning system, once experienced by CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) of the exSoviet countries (Jovanović, 2006, 156).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Intergovernmentalists view the European integration from the standpoint of national states searching for mutually advantageous bargains.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Disadvantages of Regional Integration ? Loss of sovereignty and national independence. ? Loss of national identity as laws, regulations, and standards are harmonized. ? Reduced power of national governments. ? The creation of a new level of distant and impersonal ‘big government’ in Brussels. ? Too little reference to public opinion regarding key decisions on integration. ? Increased competition and job losses brought by the removal of market protection. ? Progressive states are handicapped as standards are reduced to help integrate state with lower standards. ? Increased drug trafficking, crime and illegal immigration arising from the removal of border controls. ? Problems related to controversial initiatives such as the Common Agricultural Policy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the institutional design of the EU, the CJEU acts as the judicial branch. The role of the CJEU is to provide the judicial safeguards necessary to ensure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the treaties and generally in all of the activities of the Union. As mentioned above, the European integration is governed by the rule of law.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means “of its (his, her, their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: One of the most significant powers and responsibilities of the Commission is to prepare the legislative proposals in the EU legislative and decision making procedures. Commission has the exclusive power to initiate the legislative process through it proposals, except where the Treaties provide otherwise.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Article 6 of the TFEU states those areas in an exhaustive manner which fall under this category of competence for the EU. Those are: • protection and improvement of human health; • industry; • culture; • tourism; • education, vocational training, youth and sport; • civil protection; • administrative cooperation

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regarding the EU as a defence alliance against the threats out of Europe

Yanıt Açıklaması: Factor-Price Equalization Theorem: It isone of the sub-theorems of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory. Given a number of assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory, namely perfect competition in both the commodity and factor market, no transportation costs between the trading countries, identical demand preferences of the trading countries and constant returns to scale in production in both of the trading countries, the FactorPrice Equalization Theorem postulates that international trade equalizes the factor prices along with the commodity prices. In other words, international trade provides one-toone correspondence between commodity prices and factor prices.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The European Commission identified twelve levers to ensure the common goal of highly competitive social market economy. These levers were; • access to finance for small and medium sized enterprises, • mobility for citizens, • intellectual property rights, • consumer empowerment, • services, • networks, • the digital single market, • social entrepreneurship, • taxation, • social cohesion, • business environment, • public procurement.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Today, the EU is composed of twenty-eight member states, while waiting for the end-result of Brexit process.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Article 13 of the TEU, “The shall have an institutional framework shall aim to promote its values, advance its , serve its interests, those of its citizens those of the Member States, and ensure the , effectiveness and continuity of its and actions.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Unanimity is used in elections where there is no room for doubt or disagreement.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Political integration can be subdivided into level (vertical), scope (sectoral) and territorial (horizontal) dimensions and multi-level (based on the interaction between the national and the European level and also entailing other levels below and beyond the state and thus situating the EU in an international and globalizing context).

Yanıt Açıklaması: On the basis of Haas’ definition, it is both useful and necessary to differentiate between the sub-dimensions of political integration below: • policy integration; • institutional integration; • civilizing/security dimension and • attitudinal dimension.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Advantages of Regional Integration ? Cooperation makes war and conflict less likely. ? The single market offers European businesses a larger pool of consumers. ? Mergers and takeovers create world-class European corporations, helping the EU better compete in the global marketplace. ? There is greater freedom of cross-border movement within the EU. ? It pools the economic and social resources of multiple member states. ? Member states working together enjoy new global power and influence. ? Less advanced member states rise to standards maintained by more progressive states. ? Funds and investments create new opportunities in the poorer parts of the EU. ? Democracy and capitalism are promoted in less advanced member states.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Convertibility is usually used nominate currency convertibility. In this respect, currency convertibility refers to a currency that can be purchased or sold without any government restriction or regulation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the transactionalist model.