Hıstory Of Internatıonal Relatıons

Yanıt Açıklaması: During the reign of Louis XIV, royal government became more centralized and bureaucratic. All departments of government were relocated to Versailles, which became the headquarters of state administration, thus replacing Paris. The palace there became the center of Louis XIV’s absolutist empire. Seen as a continuation of Italy’s Renaissance, French artists and scientists were as effective and popular as Louis XIV’s armies, and the French language and thought were transmitted to every corner of the continent. Therefore, the information given in Option E is wrong.

Yanıt Açıklaması: These were internal crises of the European Concert. However, when the Greeks rose up against the Ottoman rule, the major powers were unaware of what collective action to take. It was evident that the Ottoman Empire was not included in the domain of the European Concert.

Yanıt Açıklaması: It was the British-German rivalry that did most to lead to war in terms of naval rivalry .

Yanıt Açıklaması: Feudalism represents "a pyramidal social formation built upon personal ties of loyalty in which power holders at any level depend on their capacity to mobilize resources, including military power". Diplomacy means "the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means". Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people". Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”. Therefore, the correct answer is "D".

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first of the diplomatic crises was the Fashoda Crisis of 1898 between France and Britain. Though the French had pulled back in the face of a British demonstration of power, crises such as this in a remote African region showed how quickly armed conflict between great European powers might erupt, even from a distant colonial backwater.

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is most often associated with the tenets of Wilsonian internationalism and became a key driving force in the struggle to end imperialism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Triple Entente was an “association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I. It developed from the Franco- Russian alliance that gradually developed and was formalized in 1894, the Anglo- French Entente Cordiale of 1904, and an Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907, which brought the Triple Entente into existence”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: While 44 countries became the original members of the League, the number increased in the interwar years and 63 states became its members by 1939.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Paris Peace Conference was convened on January 18, 1919 in order to shape the content and terms of post-war peace settlements with the defeated countries, namely Germany, Austria- Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The German pre-1914 plan for a pre-emptive military offensive against France, which would involve troops passing through neutral Belgium. It is named after the German army chief of staff, General Alfred von Schlieffen.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Fourteen Points of Wilson include references to open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, the reduction of national armaments, the removal of trade barriers between nations, impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, the readjustment of territorial borders based on the right to self-determination - especially within the former German, Ottoman, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires-, the rights of minorities in those states, and the creation of “a general associations of nations” known as the League of Nations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the Middle Ages ,  two kinds of hierarchy prevailed—the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Due to the Great Depression, economic liberalism lost its influence, and the gold standard system that had long maintained a stable international currency exchange system was abandoned by the US, Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia. Britain, the heart of trade liberalization in Europe, abandoned free trade in 1931, while both Britain and France sought economic recovery through a “domestic-oriented and inward-looking” economic policy. Similarly, the US went into a deep isolationism under the President Franklin Roosevelt by minimizing its international transactions (Taylor, 1961: 90). In the wake of economic liberalism’s destruction, protectionism and the command economy gained popularity. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe.

Yanıt Açıklaması: After the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the dangerous situation in the Balkans had the potential to draw more than these two great empires into war, as German Chancellor Bismarck and British Prime Minister William E. Gladstone especially foretold.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Among the great powers, Austria stood out as both the organizer and balancer of the system.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Fourteen Points Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike,”

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Interwar period is between 1919 and 1939.

Yanıt Açıklaması: After the end of the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference convened between January and June 1919 in order to design the post-war international system and determine the fate of the defeated countries of the war.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Members of The League of Nations initially had 44.