Hıstory Of Internatıonal Relatıons

Yanıt Açıklaması: Though the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914 by Serbian nationalist-anarchist Gavrilo Princip was a sui generis incident, the erosion of the European system since 1904 had removed too many barriers to potential armed conflict. Unlike like the other two crises, developments generated in the Balkans caused a chain reaction this time.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Irredentism is a territorial claim by one sovereign state against another, aimed at equalizing the boundaries of its ‘nation’ (or ethnicity) with the borders of the state. It carries a nationalist and populist agenda to liberate “brothers and sisters suffering under a foreign dominance” and claims the recovery of ethnic frontier groups lying outside the territory of the nation-state. It is a version of revisionism whose aim of expanding its territory comes under the pretext of liberating and reuniting with long-lost relatives. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: After major victories at Austerlitz (1805) and Jena (1806), Napoleon not only neutralized Austria and Prussia, but also managed to create a European hegemony by bending the will of Tsar Alexander I of Russia at the Treaty of Tilsit (1807). The fact that Napoleon tried to reinforce the continental system was the topic of the second period.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The congresses of Münster and Osnabrück, the first of their kind, led to the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia, the first multilateral diplomatic gathering in Europe to end a regional war and build a new order. The Peace of Westphalia is considered the starting point of the international system because modern International Relations derived its core principles from the peace settlements that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The committee on the Covenant of the League of Nations was set up under the chairmanship of US President Wilson whose top priority was to create a permanent international organization for the postwar world order.

Yanıt Açıklaması: “The [Westphalian] model covers the period of international law from 1648 to 1945 (and some would say it still holds today). It depicts the emergence of a world community consisting of sovereign states which settle their differences privately and often by force; which engage in diplomatic relations, but otherwise have minimal cooperation; which seek to place their own national interest above all others; and which accept the logic of the principle of effectiveness, that is, the principle that might eventually makes right in the international world—where appropriation becomes legitimation” (Held, 1995: 86).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bismarck's System totally depended on isolating France. "A" is the correct option.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The League had three principal organs: the Assembly, the Council, and the Permanent Secretariat. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”. As a policy, it was developed in Western Europe between the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution and holds that states should increase their exports and decrease their imports. It was closely related to the evolution of the state-system of Europe insofar as it advanced a state-centered structure of international relations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Disarmament is not one of the main causes of the outbreak of the First World War

Yanıt Açıklaması: With the conference of Aixla-Chappelle in 1818, France was also brought into the Quadruple group, thus establishing the Quintuple Alliance. "C" is the correct option.

Yanıt Açıklaması: What did Westphalia result in? How did it influence the international political system? First, it led to a modicum of religious toleration by reiterating the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, first annunciated at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Principalities and other states now had jurisdiction over issues related to religion, and no longer took their cues from the Holy Roman Empire on these matters (Holsti, 1991: 34). More importantly, Europe’s internal wars of religion were by and large over (excepting those against the Ottoman Empire) (Holsti, 1991: 38). Second, and more importantly, the Habsburg family which united Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and many territories in Italy was now divided, as the emperor renounced his right to provide support to Spain (Holsti, 1991: 34-35). It also spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire as a foreign policy-making body. According to these treaties, “the pattern of international relations in Europe was drastically changed: over three hundred political entities were now entitled to conduct foreign relations (make alliances), and the Holy Roman Emperor could not employ force in the conduct of foreign policy, or even make alliances, without the consent of the individual members of the Empire” (Holsti, 1991: 35). These formed the bedrock of European diplomacy until the French Revolution (Holsti, 1991: 38; Merriman, 2010: 145).

Yanıt Açıklaması: There were also other main causes that led to the outbreak of the war in 1914. These were militarism and armaments, nationalism, and imperialism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Holy Alliance was clearly a manifesto of the legitimacy of absolute monarchy’s sovereignty over people who had lived a radically different experience since 1789.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The emergence of nationalism after the French Revolution and its spread throughout Europe during the Napoleonic Wars has long been a problematic subject for European politicians.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Everywhere, the war economy transformed societies. As working hours and conditions became more demanding for workers and conditions worsened, labor unrest spread. Shortages and deteriorating living conditions also caused great dissatisfaction among civilians, before long leading to antiwar sentiment and testing the legitimacy of monarchy throughout the continent. Everywhere socialism was on the rise, especially after the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Ferguson, 2015:233-250).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Treaty of Sèvres signed with the Ottoman Empire on August 10, 1920.

Yanıt Açıklaması: After the final defeat of Napoleon, the Holy Alliance and later the Quadruple Alliance were created. "B" is the correct option.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Self-determination associated with mostly Wilsonian internationalism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: it was the Congress that met in Vienna in November 1814 that laid the foundations of the post-war European system. The Congress of Vienna aimed to redraw the map that Napoleon had redesigned on national terms. Its intention was to redraw the European map in ways that would benefit the major powers and bind them against any further attempt at hegemony over Europe. Thus, after the final defeat of Napoleon, the Holy Alliance and later the Quadruple Alliance were created.