Hıstory Of Internatıonal Relatıons

Yanıt Açıklaması: Based on the Ten Principles of Bandung, the criteria for NAM membership were determined in the preparatory conference. In order to be considered as a member of the movement, a country should meet the following criteria: 1. The country should adopt an independent foreign policy based on the co-existence of states with different political and social systems and on non-alignment, or should be showing a trend in favor of such a policy. 2. The country concerned should be consistently supporting movements for national independence. 3. The country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in the context of great power conflicts. 4. If a country has a bilateral military agreement with a great power or is a member of a regional defense pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately concluded in the context of great power conflicts. 5. If it has conceded military bases to a foreign power, the concession should not have been made in the context of Great Power conflicts.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ambitious and considerably young compared to his predecessors, Gorbachev’s main aim was to reform the Soviet economy that had fallen behind its Western counterparts since the 1960s, without making any fundamental changes in the governing ideology of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev’s reforms at the domestic level had also been accompanied by changes in Soviet foreign policy. In November 1985, Gorbachev and his American counterpart Ronald Reagan at the Summit Meeting in Geneva concluded, “nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought” (Joint Soviet-United States Statement on the Summit Meeting in Geneva, 1985). The correct answer is Choice C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Despite the differences, the Cold War is generally considered to have started in 1945 following the Second World War.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For John Lewis Gaddis, who wrote one of the most authoritative works on the history of the Cold War, the end of the Cold War spelled the “triumph of hope” (Gaddis, 2005). Gaddis argued that communism had failed to deliver the better life it had promised and the global rise of democracies, coupled with the bravery of ordinary people in the least expected times, had brought about the downfall of authoritarian regimes in the Communist bloc and triggered the end of the Cold War. In a similar tone, and as early as 1989, even before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Francis Fukuyama in his famous article, “ The End of History” argued that history was made as a result of the clash between individualism and collectivism, and that the weakening of communist regimes in the USSR and East Europe meant the defeat of the forces of collectivism and the victory of individualism, i.e., liberalism (Fukuyama, 1989). The correct answer is Choice B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Brussels Pact powers –namely Belgium, Britain, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Italy, and Portugal. Before the end of the Cold War, Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982) also entered the alliance.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The name of the attack plan was Sea Lion. Operation Barbarossa was planned against Soviet Russia. At the time of the war, England had the command of the sea, and the British Navy Force was much stronger than the German one. The other sentences are correct. "E" is the correct option.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As a final institutional measure to solidify the emerging eastern bloc and counter the Marshall Plan, in January 1949 Moscow launched the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, better known as COMECON. Vietnam, its tenth and final member, in 1978.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As often happens in human history, a crucial unforeseen event, unrelated to the war, happened between Yalta and Potsdam: the death of US President Roosevelt.

Yanıt Açıklaması: With the 1957 Treaties of Rome the establishment of the European Economic Community came into existence  in 1957. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The role of the Security Council was to investigate the disputes and to take action to preserve international peace. "B" is the correct option.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Arab states refused to accept the partition plan. A few hours after the proclamation of independence of Israel, the armies of five Arab nations, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Lebanon invaded the newly established country on the night of 15 May 1948. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As the Cold War zzled out in the late 1980s, however, so did the money that had owed into Yugoslavia from the West. is, coupled with Tito’s death and his replacement with Serbian nationalist Slobodan Milosevic, who not only saw the Serbian nation as the real owner of Yugoslavia, but decided to pursue a politics along ethnic lines, ignited a powder keg. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence, soon followed with Macedonia in September 1991 and Bosnia-Herzegovina in March 1992. e federal army of Yugoslavia initially tried to bring Slovenia and Croatia back into Yugoslavia by force. However, the recognition given to them by European countries and later the US—not to mention the UN peacekeeping forces deployed to monitor the cease re established after the withdrawal of the Yugoslav federal army—gave Belgrade no choice but to let Slovenia and Croatia go. However, when Bosnia-Herzegovina declared independence in March 1992, a move recognized by the EU, Bosnian Serbs led by Radovan Karadzic and supported by Serbia declared the establishment of the Republika Srpska (“Serb Republic”), which left the Muslim Bosniaks, demographically the majority, with a small piece of territory. As this was not enough, to enforce the new Serb Republic, Bosnian Serbs besieged several cities, including the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, and tried to expel the Muslim Bosniak population from their recently created state, a move that eventually led to the creation of concentration camps and much worse— the mass ethnic cleansing of the Bosniaks. Nationalism not only tore apart Yugoslavia, but led to the worst ethnic cleansing in Europe since World War II. The correct answer is Choice C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. Kennan’s analysis was one of the factors that influenced Washington’s containment policy for the next half-century.

Yanıt Açıklaması: With Britain’s post-war finances severely strained, it could no longer shoulder the burden of feeding and administering its zone, already the most densely populated of Germany. Thus, it merged its zone with that of the US in January 1947 to create the Bizonia

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bismarck set about creating a framework in which Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany would cooperate under the latter’s control. Bismarck felt this was essential because Germany’s position did not allow for neutrality in the case of a conflict between her eastern neighbors over the Balkans. On account of his superior diplomatic skills, at the Congress of Berlin he persuaded the major powers to accept a model of great power dualism between Austria-Hungary and Russia in the Balkans. Yet he knew better than any that shows of good faith were worth little without binding treaties (Gülboy, 2014: 7-36).

Yanıt Açıklaması: In mid-August 1941, on a battleship at Newfoundland, Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to issue a public document known as the Atlantic Charter, a joint Anglo-American commitment to a post-war world order. Its principles included “respect[ing] the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live… and [their] wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them” (Rich, 2003:258-259). The Charter also referred to the establishment of a wider and permanent organization for international security, i.e. the United Nations (UN).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Although the war liberated Kuwait and forced Saddam Hussein to accept UN-imposed sanctions and allow inspectors to check for weapons of mass destruction, it did not remove him as a threat to US interests in the Middle East. Along with Iran, Iraq became part of the US “dual containment strategy.” Though the First Gulf War was over within weeks, America’s account with Saddam Hussein would only be settled by its invasion of Iraq in 2003. Therefore, the information given in Option C is wrong.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the wake of World War II, Europe had two priorities: post-war economic recovery and the maintenance of long-term peace and stability. US financial assistance for recovery, which is known as the Marshall Plan of 1947, was important for the reconstruction of the European economy. The US demonstrated its support for the idea of European unity by insisting that those European countries should establish a permanent agency to manage US financial aid.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Not long after the American Seventh and British Eight armies landed on Sicily, a palace revolution took place in Rome on 25 July in which Mussolini’s 21 years of rule were brought to an end.