Foreıgn Polıcy Analysıs

Yanıt Açıklaması: Any effort to understand of foreign policy objectives should start by the determination of the priorities and the objectives of the given country. These priorities and objectives either pertain to a paramount overriding goal that all or most of the foreign policy effort is spend to secure; (This is usually associated with the high-political concerns pertaining primarily to survival.) or, more often, an attempt to attain specific objectives and goals on a given issue. Objectives and goals are inevitably related to threats, risks and opportunities associated with the issue at hand. However, ideally they are expected to be contemplated contingent to or in consideration of the former. Nonetheless, in practice it is not uncommon to see the everyday pressures created by exigencies take precedence over higher political considerations. In this case, it is not surprising to see urgencies dominating the priorities as they dictate the agenda. Next, the systemic analysis would provide the decision-maker with the information he/she needs to understand the constraints, risks and opportunities that the structure of the system provides in lieu with the realization of the foreign policy objectives in question. Then, comes the capability analysis through which the decision-maker carries out a systematic evaluation of the available sources of national power. This practically involves an analysis of the means, available and required. It should start with the determination and assessment of required capabilities for the objective, given the ways – strategies – contemplated to attain the goals and reach the objectives. Next, an inventory analysis aimed at determination of available/ relevant means and detection of possible gaps should be carried out. Necessary action to mitigate and, if possible eliminate the gaps should be taken at this stage. The final stage involves the analysis of the capabilities and intentions of the counterparts. Here, the capabilities take precedence over the intentions as the latter might change with changing contexts – as might be brought about by changes of leadership, regimes etc. Hence, an assessment of the ‘objective’ capabilities is perennial in understanding the circumstances within which the actors will operate. As can be understood from the information given, the correct order is as follows; I-II-III-IV-V, so the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Mintz identifies five types of decisions; one-shot (single) decisions, interactive decisions, sequential decisions, sequential-interactive decisions, and group decisions (Mintz and DeRouen, 2010: 115-21).

Yanıt Açıklaması: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of the actors within the international system refers to International Relations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Powerful states do not comply with the demands of other states but rather they have the ability to resist the demands of other states. The correct choice is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Being formulated after the First World War, idealist theory of IR has been concerned with ways to prevent wars. Consequently, they opt out war as a foreign policy instrument in their analysis.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The so-called cognitive school of thought, which has become increasingly important in theoretical discussions on foreign policy in recent decades, argues that leaders/individuals are not always as rational as they are assumed to be. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hudson (2008) defines foreign policy as “the strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations with external entities.” (Hudson, 2008, p.12)

Yanıt Açıklaması: Another valuable effort to bridge the gap between rational and cognitive approaches is the “ poliheuristic theory ” developed by Alex Mintz . Poliheuristic theory postulates a two-stage decision process. During the first stage, the set of possible options is reduced by applying a “non-compensatory principle” to eliminate any alternative with an unacceptable return on a political decision dimension (Mintz, 2004).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Organizational behavior approach, argues that states are made up of different organizations which compete with each other in order to shape the foreign policy preferences and behaviors of their states. Each organization approaches foreign policy problems from its own institutional perspectives and therefore, tries to make sure that the final foreign policy consensus reflects its institutional concerns and priorities. The correct choice is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Rational leaders consider long-term national interests. The correct choice is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Second image is about the state-society level factors, whereas the third image is very much about the impact of international systemic factors on foreign policy. Whereas the first and second images are very much inside-out perspectives, the third image is very much about outside-in analysis. the correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Role theory in FPA was initiated by K. J. Holsti with his article National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Holsti, 1970). According to Holsti, “those responsible for making decisions and taking actions for the state are aware of international status distinctions and that their policies reflect this awareness.” The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: When faced with a decision making situation, rational actors within the framework of RAM follow a process with certain stages. They; 1. define the situation basing on objective assessment, 2. specify the goal to be achieved and if there is conflict among them prioritize the goal 3. consider all possible alternative means of achieving the goal, 4. select the final alternative that is calculated to maximize achievement of the goal, 5. take the necessary actions to implement the decision.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Structural realism assumes that the international structure is basically anarchical and there is no authority over states that could potentially set the rules, provide order and punish the ones which breach the rules. This means that states can never be certain about the intentions of each other and interstate trust is difficult to achieve

Yanıt Açıklaması: Lobbies and civil society organizations are related to internal factors, but the rest is all about external factors on foreign policy. The correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Macro decisions occur in an anticipated manner, they are not responses to sudden and unexpected situations, they are made in a relatively long time frame and the decision making process in which these decisions are taken include a large variety of domestic political actors.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The nature of political regimes and political ideologies is among the internal factors whereas the other choices are individual factors.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The three images of international relations is an earlier work of Kenneth N. Waltz

Yanıt Açıklaması: Interactive decisions are those involving at least two players who make decisions that affect and are affected by the other player’s decision. For example, if one state has to decide on an offer, say of a peace agreement, by another state, this is an interactive decision because it affects both its own future and the situation of the other state.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first point to underline in this regard is the number of neighbors states have. Should states neighbor with many states, they would be more predisposed to prioritize territorial security concerns. Second, maritime and land powers would also demonstrate different foreign policy inclinations. Third, the importance of geographical location also manifests itself in the sense of states leveraging their particular geographical features in their foreign relations. Some states, such as Turkey, lie at the intersection of different regions and continental landmasses and this gives them immense bargaining power with third parties. Thus, the correct answer is C.