Foreıgn Polıcy Analysıs

Yanıt Açıklaması: Recognition is a political act of a state to acknowledge an act or government or status of another state. Recognition could be either de jure or de facto. Recognition can either be explicit or implicit. Sending a diplomatic envoy is implicit recoginition. A is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Non-domestic Actor include; • other nation-states • treaty alliances • multinational corporations • international nongovernmental organizations • intergovernmental organizations • trans-governmental coalitions • foreign media • foreign powerful/influential individuals • foreign epistemic communities • foreign courts • foreign criminal and terrorist forces (Hudson, 2013, p.144-5)

Yanıt Açıklaması: The BPM “focuses primarily on the political processes internal to each state”

Yanıt Açıklaması: I. The judicial branch and II. The media are among the domestics actors that might play a role in foreign policies

Yanıt Açıklaması: During the course of the war Turkish decision makers did their best to avoid the possibility of being attacked by either side. The correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Soft powers lay at the opposite end of the power-capability dimension. Soft powers rely on intangible capabilities, such as identity, culture, norms, values, the legitimacy of their internal and external policies, and disinformation capability.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Garnett’s categorization of the causes of war is an attempt, as mentioned before for reaching some generalizations with the aim of analyzing the causes of war. However, the difference between the answers given to the question “what causes war” is mainly because of the different theoretical stand of the respondent.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the the Treaty of Westphalia.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sometimes being defined as an art, diplomacy traditionally meant the way to manage one sovereign state’s relations with other mutually recognized states.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Diplomatic immunity was codified by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1861 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1863 in order to prevent diplomats from being subjected to the jurisdiction of the host countries. Therefore the correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Another 19th century philosopher Hegel also sees war as inevitable, but beyond this he glorified war as a means of foreign policy. Because for Hegel successful wars consolidate the power of the state, and thus, preserve national pride.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bureaucracy, interest groups, pressure groups, media, and public opinion are internal factors affecting foreign policy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Attentive public opinion is used to provide a framework for research. The correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The relevance of both logics, namely selfsufficiency and internal fragility, to isolationism can be clearly seen in the example of the United States foreign policy (Johnstone, 2011, 7-20). Since its establishment in the late 18th century till the beginning of the 20th century, the United States pursued an isolationist foreign policy. During this era, the United States had been weaker than many European colonial powers and the latter had geopolitical designs in the American continent. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are divergent factors which constrain rationality of leaders. First, the way how they perceive the external reality shapes the limits of their rationality. One other factor that appears to curtail the degree of rationality of people is the particular group environment in which they find themselves in discussing foreign policy issues. The pressure of group thinking is a very important psychological restraint affecting the rationality of individuals. The tendency to refer to historical analogies and apply cognitive shortcuts is another factor that appears to constrain rationality. Leaders might also think that they, the countries they lead, represent the good whereas others the bad. This is what is called in the literature as attribution bias. If something positive happens in their foreign policy contributing to the national interests of their countries, they tend to think this is because of their good intentions and benevolent policies. If something negative happens in the context of their national interests, they tend to attribute the main reason to the bad intentions and evil character of others. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Attractive soft powers  do not need to do something specific in order to influence others because others are simply attracted by their values, norms, cultures, and political achievements. Attractive soft powers are so much confident of their values, cultures, and policies that they do not undertake costly strategies to influence others. They neither coerce, nor induce nor entice others. They deem themselves as shining stars over hills and think that they constitute ideal role models for others to emulate in their efforts to get successful.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The ‘strength” of power is a function of dimensions of power: the relevancy, domain, weight, strength, means, cost and scale of the power possessed by the actor. These dimensions have a very strong bearing on the actor’s logics of action, consequences and appropriateness. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A common sense, colloquial definition of foreign policy decision-makers could be made as, units making decisions in the name of global political actors concerning their external environment. Apparently, it is not always an easy task to define who are the decision-makers. Especially in a democratic state, the decisions are usually taken as a result of a collective process based on collective deliberation. As a result, most foreign policy decisions could be viewed as taken by a group of individuals providing their ideas and insights, contributing their expertise and feedback and participating in the shaping of the outcome through a process of deliberation and negotiation. It is assumed that this process is characterized by rationality. As a result, the question and boundaries of whom the decision makers in foreign policy are shows variations in accordance with the internal and external factors pertaining to domestic political context. However, there are issues to be tackled with, as rationality is what decision-makers strive for, or more often than not a justifier of the accuracy of their decisions, than a standard that defines decision making processes. After all, political leaders are decision-makers that are human beings like the rest of us. Much like the rest of us, they suffer from cognitive biases that distorts their minds, leading to deviations in their perception and judgment of the situation from the reality of the challenge before them. They usually are as vulnerable to cognitive dissonances. Therefore, when they are left in a position that leaves them in between their long held ideas, beliefs and values and circumstances contradicting the said ideas, beliefs and values, they try to resolve it by adapting their perception of the situation rather than adopting their behavior to the reality of it. This could be done by either creating a new cognition of the reality they face by adding new parts or ignoring and denying information that leads to the dissonance etc. Also, decision-makers resort to heuristics, or more simply put “rules of thumb”, like the rest of us. Human brain is “hardwired to find patterns in complexity” and finds solace in avoiding it. It naturally prefers simple explanations to complex ones as “logic and deductive reasoning take a lot of energy” (Hudson, 2007, p. 42). This is an important reason why it is easy for the general public and nonspecialists to subscribe to conspiracy theories. All of these factors make decision-makers prone to become cognitive misers as often as the rest of us, clouding, destabilizing and faulting the decision-making processes on foreign policy. “Cognitive Miser” is a concept that refers to the tendency of human beings to avoid spending computational effort and resorting to facile ways in solving problems. This phenomena is accepted as a natural tendency that is had regardless of the level of intelligence of the person. As also understood from the information given, the arguments in the option II “Much like the rest of us, political leaders suffer from cognitive biases that distorts their minds, leading to deviations in their perception and judgment of the situation from the reality of the challenge before them.”, in the option III “Decision-makers resort to heuristics, or more simply put “rules of thumb”, like the rest of us.”, in the option IV “Human brain is “hardwired to find patterns in complexity” and finds solace in avoiding it. “ and in the option V “Human brain naturally prefers simple explanations to complex ones as “logic and deductive reasoning take a lot of energy” can be used by the one who has been explaining the cognitive miser concept, so the correct answer is E. The argument in the option I “The decision maker has full or perfect information (a state where all data germane to a particular issue, decision, is known and available) on the circumstances of the situation and about the alternatives available.” is related to the rationality concept.

Yanıt Açıklaması: To understand how domestic factors create an impact upon foreign policy, what needs to be done is to classify the major political actors in domestic politics which are available as summarized below: Domestic Actors The executive branch of government The legislative branch The judicial branch Political parties, their factions and wings Businesses and business coalitions Political action groups Domestic interest groups The media Unions State governments Powerful/influential individuals, such as the Senate majority leader, former presidents, etc. Epistemic communities, such as environmental scientists Religious groups Criminal and terrorist forces (domestic) Non-domestic Actors Other nation-states Treaty alliances Multinational corporations International nongovernmental organizations Intergovernmental organizations Trans-governmental coalitions Foreign media Foreign powerful/influential individuals Foreign epistemic communities Foreign courts Foreign criminal and terrorist forces (Hudson, 2013, p.144-5) As also understood from the list given, the correct answer is D. “The legislative branch”, “The judicial branch”, “State governments” and “Political action groups” are among the major political actors in domestic politics, on the other hand “Treaty Alliances” can be given as an example of non-domestic major political actors in domestic politics.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Coercive powers are those that try to get what they want from others by coercing them to meet their choices. They simply offer others two alternative choices. Others would either agree to their terms or get punished severely for their non-compliance. Stated somewhat differently, coercive powers would put an ultimatum on others. Others would either take  it or leave their destiny at the mercy of the coercer. Coercive powers would frighten their opponents and threaten them with the negative consequences of their non-cooperation. The correct answer is E.