Regıonal Organızatıons

Yanıt Açıklaması: Established in 1974 with concern for the possibility that international capital movements may lead to a global crisis, the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS)- the BIS developed into a global meeting place for regulators and for developing international standards-has set forth the issues like business volume of each bank’s capital, whether banks have enough capital to protect themselves from high-risk, and relevant controls, in order to prevent risks that might arise within their own domestic economies.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Non-State Actors (NSA) are social and political collectivities, created by civil societies and/ or individuals, which play a role in IR, but lack state sovereignty. There are different NSAs such as Trans-national or Multinational Corporation (TNC, MNC), Non-governmental Organization (NGO), terrorist group and organizations, international criminal groups, media, etc.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Council adopts corrective measures after considering the recommendations of the Evaluation and Convergence Conference. It determines the guide lines to be followed by other bodies of the Association. e authority to accept new member is exercised by the Council. It may adopt amendements on the Treaty and has the power to appoint the Secretary-General.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regarding the above-discussed issues, the main objectives of the RDBs are as follows: Helping member countries to develop their domestic financial markets so that they can mobilize their own savings for development purposes; Bringing member countries to global financial markets in a sustainable manner; And making... less severe, with their insufficient resources, the pro-cyclical behaviour of private sources of financing.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) have become an integrated part of international politics where they play significant roles on environmental, social, advocacy and human rights work that fit their agenda. INGOs have started to promote their interests through international or regional organizations. Because of their growing roles in the stage of international politics.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 1994, the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, initially proposed the idea of forming a “Eurasian Union” in his speech at Moscow State University. Since then numerous treaties were signed to establish the trading bloc. It was created based on the Treaty of Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community, signed by the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan in Astana city of Kazakhstan on October 10, 2000. In January 2006 Uzbekistan joined the Eurasec; however , two years later, in 2008, it suspended its presence in Eurasec’s governing bodies. In May 2002 Moldova and Ukraine gained observer status at the Community, and in April 2003 the same status was granted to Armenia. The correct choice is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: ADB-Asian Development Bank

Yanıt Açıklaması: The UN, centerpiece of global governance, offers a limited legal status in form of accreditation for the INGOs. Some prerequisites for admission into this status, albeit not formally identified, might be underlined. In this respect, Peter Willetts (2001), an eminent scholar studying civil society actors, provides at least fifth principles in order for an INGO to qualify for the definition of the UN. First, an INGO needs to work in furtherance of the goals and objectives of the UN. Second, an INGO should allow fair representation by members, establish a headquarters, and employ officers. Third, an INGO should be a non-profit organization without engaging in business or corporate activities. Fourth, an INGO should declare it will not rely on any violent measure whatsoever to pursue its goals. Fifth, an INGO should not act in a way that could be interpreted as an interference with the internal affairs of states. Even this set of principles fall short to offer an overall definition of an NGO which is inherently diverse and vague. Some INGOs proclaim a broad mandate whereas others may confine themselves to a specific agenda and cause. While some maintain a presence in a vast geography, some others may prefer remaining local or regional. It all depends on how an INGO identifies itself, its orientation and its goals. Naturally, their audience, the type of problems they are addressing, their constituency as well as opportunities they are able to enjoy all have to impact upon the kind of INGO that emerges.For instance, the INGOs are more concerned about how to make a contribution to the making of international law whereas national or regional NGOs are often focused on local political issues. Likewise, third world NGOs may employ domestic government whereas NGOs in developed countries have a strict code by which they prohibit admission of members with government connections. Additionally, while most third world NGOs are dedicated to the resolution of the economic problems and pay greater attention to humanitarian issues, the NGOs in the developed world are more focused on civil and political rights, and, for instance, committed to fair trial. These NGOs address problems pertinent to a violation of fundamental human rights rather than the betterment of a certain community or group and believe “in a pluralist society functioning within a framework of rules impartially applied to protect individuals against state interference” (Steiner, 1981: 15-16). It should be noted that lack of governmental support for their activities and the huge diversity in terms of their orientation and structure does not necessarily mean that INGOs are weak or ineffective. To the contrary, thanks to their diverse nature and flexibility, the INGOs are better able to address normative issues including human rights violations and environmental degradation. Similarly, their independent and private status enables the INGOs to act free of political oversight by the state. More importantly, because they do not have to consider the possible impact of their action upon a certain foreign policy design, the NGOs are often able to concentrate on a certain agenda. The proceeding sections dwell upon the role of INGOs in the international and regional organizations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Although UNASUR is not a collective security organization, one of its main objectives is to try to prevent and overcome crises that may arise between the member countries, and to solve regional disputes and conflicts. For example, UNASUR mediated initiatives to resolve the Bolivian political crisis (2008) and the tension between Venezuela and Colombia (2010).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 did not restore throughout Europe but it paved the way for the national self-determination.

Yanıt Açıklaması: European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) is an EU consultative body consisting of representatives of organized civil society. It was set up in 1957, when the EU founders signed the Rome Treaties. The main goal was to involve different economic and social interest groups in the development of the common market, and to enable the European Commission and the Council of Ministers to consult more widely on EU policies. The Committee guarantees that the voices of all the different groups and interests in society are heard and considered at the top levels of EU policy and decision-making.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Global governance is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors (states, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, etc.), aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.

Yanıt Açıklaması: COSIPLAN is formed to implement regional infrastructure integration and to conclude the building of network, transport and telecommunication infrastructure according to sustainable social and economic development criteria.

Yanıt Açıklaması: IMF’s Contingent Credit Line (CCL) introduced in 1999. This facility aims to strengthen member countries’ defences against financial crisis, providing contingent lines of credit to be disbursed in case of a crisis concerning fiscal or monetary indiscipline. Only the first two statements are correct.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Union of South American Nations is composed of the Council of Heads of State and Government, the president pro tempore, the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the Council of Delegates, the General Secretariat, and twelve sectoral councils.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Eurasec member states are the main exporters of mineral resources and metals worldwide and play an essential role in exporting oil, gas, chrome and manganese resources, aluminium, nickel and copper, platinoids and raw diamonds.

Yanıt Açıklaması: RDB usually refers to four institutions: African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Although each RDB has its own legal and operational status, they all share a similar mandate and highly cooperate with each other.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The regional development banks (RDBs) are multilateral financial institutions that provide financial and technical assistance for development in low- and middle-income countries within their regions. Finance is allocated through low-interest loans and grants for a range of development sectors such as health and education, infrastructure, public administration, financial and private-sector development, agriculture, and environmental and natural resource management.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Committee is the permament body of the Association which conducts meetings at least once a year. It gives continuity to the activities of the new integration process, evaluates and guides the operation of the process. It accomplishes the tasks assigned by the Council and the Conference. It adopts annual work program, annual budget and determines the contributions of member countries to the Association budget. The Committee also represents the Association before third parties. The correct choice is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Due to the unwillingness and sometimes reluctance of governments to take proper action, the INGOs form “a vast number of connections across national borders and inserting themselves into a wide range of decision-making processes on issues from international security to human rights to the environment” (Florini and Simpsons, 1999: 3). In other words, they assume roles where national governments are unable or unwilling to address a certain issue, filling a void that has been left unattended.