Internatıonal Organızatıon And Global Governance

Yanıt Açıklaması: Article 15 of the Final Act of the Paris Congress was a remarkable improvement in international institutionalization since it established an international commission for the supervision of the Danube River. The establishment of the International Danube Commission for the regulation of free navigation in the river was the first initiative in forming an international body for the governance of a particular international issue.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Emery Reves, a prominent world governmentalist, has argued that the world as divided into nation states would inevitably be disorderly and war would be the ultimate means to solve differences among the nation states. Whereas historical forces such as international economic interdependence require global cooperation, the humanity has been trying to solve economic and social problems in a system of states divided by clear boundaries. The result is being the human misery and the deprivation of individual autonomy for the sake of national power. Therefore, Reves rejected the internationalist approach to order and criticized the systems of both the League of Nations and the United Nations (UN). He was convinced that “at the present stage of industrial development, there can be no freedom under the system of sovereign nation-states” . In fact, looking from a broader historical perspective, Reves thought that war has occurred wherever and whenever political units of equal sovereignty have faced each other. The solution to the problem of war, then, would be “integrating the warring units into a higher sovereignty.” This higher sovereignty, or world government, would be provided with legislative, judicial, and executive powers, as the result being “a legal order within which all peoples may enjoy equal security, equal obligation and equal rights under law.” Reves believed that if such a higher authority proves impossible to be created by the consent of nation states, conquest would be permissible. “If we cannot attain to universalism and create union by common consent and democratic methods as a result of rational thinking,” he concluded, “then rather than retard the process, let us precipitate unification by conquest”

Yanıt Açıklaması: There is a two-way relationship between globalization and global governance, and the state is the crucial actor of global politics, whereas other actors supplement the role of the state. As seen in Table below governance activities based on both the levels where these activities take place and the type of the actor are categorized.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The most significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of a new diplomatic and political system in Europe, which is referred to as the Concert of Europe . The Concert mainly rested on a hierarchy that was constructed by the two treaties of the Holy and Quadruple Alliances and also considered the major powers of Europe as the guardians of the European order.