Theorıes Of Internatıonal Relatıons Iı

Yanıt Açıklaması: Cultural hegemony is basically the dominant ideology of the society that reflects the beliefs and interests of the ruling class. More specifically, the term refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society. According to Gramsci, cultural hegemony functions by achieving the consent of the masses to abide social norms and the rules of law by framing the worldview of the ruling class. It is most strongly manifested when those ruled by the dominant group come to believe that the economic and social conditions are natural and inevitable, rather than created by people, with a vested interest in a particular capitalist order.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Postmodern feminism rejects the assertions of liberal feminist approach and attempts to deconstruct realist interpretations of IR in order to uncover the concealed yet existent influences of gender. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Cynthia Sylvester explores the “three debates” in the context of feminist theorizing with particular emphasis on empirical and post-modernist stances of knowledge construction. Accordingly, Sylvester puts forward three kinds of epistemologies as: i) empiricism and liberalism; ii) standpoint and radical-cultural politics; and iii) social feminist practice and postmodern scepticism. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Critical theory is not only an academic approach but also an emancipatory thought committed to the formation of a more equal and just world. It seeks to explain the reasons why the realization of this goal is difficult to achieve. Therefore, what is crucial is not only the social explanation but also politically motivated action to achieve an alternative set of social relations based on justice and equality. For emancipatory social change, Horkheimer believes that there are some forces of resistance left within humans and that the spirit of humanity is still alive, if not in the individual as a member of social groups, at least in the individual as far as he or she is left alone. Horkheimer is certainly aware of the structural constraints, but he does suggest that it is possible to engage in a kind of non-conformism at least (without much of a description of what it would be like), which comes through the spontaneity of the individual subject. Critical theory is also deeply concerned with the fate of modernity. It has offered systematic and comprehensive theories of the trajectory of modernity, combined with critical diagnoses of some of the latter’s limitations, pathologies and destructive effects, while providing defenses of some of its progressive elements.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Cox challenges the idea that “truth” is absolute, as in realism’s assertion that there is a timeless logic to international relations, or liberalism’s assertion that the pursuit of global capitalism is positive. Instead, Robert Cox argues that theory is always for someone and for some purpose. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sustainable development, which is a new phenomenon, is derived from the idea that both economic growth and economic protection can be maintained at the same time.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Anthropocentrism refers to a human-centered worldview which regards the nature within the human values.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The critique of domination and exploitation constitutes critical theory’s ontological dimension. Marx treated Kant’s fundamental philosophical questions about human beings and their knowledge, activities, and hopes in the form of a critical political economy. Marx’s reformulation of Kant’s question was his categorical imperative that is the critique of domination and exploitation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The scholars with critical perspectives on security refuse the assumption of priority of sovereign state as the referent object of security, and argue for the necessity of deepening and widening of security as a conception.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Greens argue that the search for a state-centered solution was doomed to fail. Instead, they offer the idea of decentralization -which has hampered the state as a central actor- at the center of green politics.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first wave focused on normative questions and political economic concerns with efforts to identify ecologism as a distinct ideology.

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is not the Critical Theory but it is the postmodern approach which is more likely to be associated with rejection of comprehensive, universal theory. Therefore the correct answer which has the incorrect statement is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Major issues of the green parties were ecological responsibilities, social justice, non-violence, and grassroots democracy

Yanıt Açıklaması: Deep environmentalism, or deep ecology or green perspective suggests that it is impossible to solve the environmental problems within the current system.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The birth of critical theory is greatly inspired by Karl Marx’s theoretical formulation of the relationship between economic base and ideological superstructure . The approach of Marx tends to focus on how power and domination operate, in particular, in the realm of the superstructure.

Yanıt Açıklaması: At such a time, 1973 oil crisis began and the idea was that the depletion of natural resources was inevitable, and so was the growth of technology and state

Yanıt Açıklaması: Security conception of critical security studies is also affected by Marxist theory , Antonio Gramsci’s hegemony conception , critical social theory Frankfurt School, critical theory of International Relations discipline developed by Robert Cox and post-positivist perspectives in international relations theories

Yanıt Açıklaması: J. Ann Tickner became famous for her attempts to challenge the mainstream IR theories and through her contributions to the sub-discipline of feminist IR by projecting innovative theoretical debates and introducing new areas of analysis. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Constructivist feminism advises for the inclusion of social structures into the analyses of international politics and indicates that there is a direct correlation between gender perceptions on politics, power and security and international politics. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In The Theory of Communicative Action , Habermas provided a model for social complexities and action coordination based upon the original interpretation of classical social theorists, as well as the philosophy of John L. Austin and John Searle’s “speech acts” theory. The correct answer is E.