Theorıes Of Internatıonal Relatıons I

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are three sub-theories of Marxism: I. The theory of alienation, II. The labor theory of value, and III. The materialist conception of history.

Yanıt Açıklaması: observations

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As the fundamental requirement to other needs, survival and security is the primary goal of any state. In a bipolar arrangement, the constant pressure of such a threat may result in permanent tension that may result in smaller conflicts to prevent larger ones, but a fundamental threat to the very existence of the state is not considered a limiting factor that contributes to stability in a bipolar world.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Economic structuralism, on the other hand, is concerned with the international division of labor created by the capitalist system. It sees that the division of labor is unfair, creating categories of rich and poor people, as well as rich and poor nations, at the macro level. Within the structuralist approach, there are actually two sub-approaches: the Marxist approach, which rejects capitalism completely, and the dependency approach, which aims to reform it. Particularly Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) created a great amount of literature outlining a theoretical critique of capitalism. The best place to look for details would be Marx and Engels’ The Communist Manifesto (1848) or Marx’s The Capital (1867). As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels can be said to be the main theorists of economic structualism approach. Adam Smith and David Ricardo formulated economic liberalism approach. Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich List can be said to be main theorists of economic nationalism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Economic liberals believe that individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interests, that when individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce goods and services that people need, and that market functions best when it is free of government interference. At the international level, international wealth is believed to be maximized with free exchange of goods and services on the basis of comparative advantage. Economic nationalism, on the other hand, refers to an ideology that favors state interventionism in the economic sphere. The nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Thus, economic nationalism can be defined as a mixture of trade protectionism and economic planning, with an aim to preserve national interests in the context of world markets. Economic structuralism, finally, stresses that the relationship among individuals, society, state and the market, in general, can be characterized by severe competition which is conflictual and exploitative. By extension, the relationship among states, which support owners of the means of production, is also conflictual because of inherent expansion of capitalism. It is also argued that constantly expanding markets of capitalism inevitably lead to economic crises, and dangerous speculation by holders of capital only exacerbates these crises. To eliminate economic problems and conflict inherent in the capitalist system, the capitalist system must be overthrown. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International society has been the core concept of English School so that it has been well-explained compared to the two other concepts of international system and world society. International society is defined by four components: common interests, common rules, common values and common institutions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In addition to the fact that foreign policy activities are tied to moral principles, some foreign policy goals also have ethical and moral content. Foreign policy goals are addressed to certain concepts such as peace, law, justice, international stability, social solidarity and freedom.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The founding members of the British Committee were Herbert Butterfield (historian), Martin Wight (IR Scholar), Desmond Williams (historian), Michael Howard (military historian), Geoffrey Hudson (historian), Donald McKinnon (philosopher), William Armstrong (economist from the Treasury Department), Adam Watson (diplomat), and Hedley Bull (IR scholar).

Yanıt Açıklaması: David Ricardo (1772-1823) is a representative for economic liberalism. That is, states should produce and export those products which they can produce most efficiently, relative to other states. If international trade is free and is away from certain restrictions, it is believed that all nations win in the final analysis out of a great amount of international exchanges. This way, nations also get to know each other, cultural exchanges can occur, stereotypes can be reduced, and peace can spread all over the world.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS, was formed during the disintegration of the Soviet Union by some of the former Soviet republics. The CIS is comparable to a very loose association of states and in no way comparable to a federation or a confederation The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system. The reasoning and benefits to such cooperation is approached differently by realists and liberals. Realists assume regimes create differential benefits while liberals assume they promote the common good.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Bretton Woods system was eventually dissolved between 1968 and 1973. The overvaluation of the United States dollar led to concerns among the members of the system over the exchange rates and their tie to the price of gold. In August 1971, President Richard Nixon announced the “temporary” suspension of the dollar’s convertibility into gold. While the dollar had struggled throughout most of the 1960s within the parity established at Bretton Woods, this crisis marked the breakdown of the system. A later attempt to revive the fixed exchange rates failed and by March 1973, major currencies began to float against each other. Even though the Bretton Woods monetary system itself collapsed this way, the so-called Bretton Woods institutions, which were set up along with the Bretton Woods Agreement, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade Organization (WTO), have survived, still directing international trade and finance to a great extent. As also understood from the information given, the crrect answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For utilitarianism, the social and individual interests overlap. And as he works for the happiness for himself, he works for the happiness of other people.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The distinctions of the English School from the other schools and its merits are: a) ontological and epistemological pluralism, b) its historical approach repudiating both determinism and presentism, c) the significance given to values and cultural and civilizational identities.

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for “all similarly situated individuals”, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universalism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: After the Second World War, the Bretton Woods system came into being. Under the Bretton Woods Agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the United States dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible. In order to convert currencies, countries settled their international balances in dollars, while United States dollars were fully convertible to gold. The exchange rate applied at the time was $35/ounce. The system had worked well for a while, but eventually dissolved between 1968 and 1973. The overvaluation of the United States dollar led to concerns among the members of the system over the exchange rates and their tie to the price of gold. An attempt to revive the fixed exchange rates failed and by March 1973, major currencies began to float against each other. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Globalization is, in a generic sense, a process of interaction among people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The British Committee met for the first time in 1959 and then worked well into the mid-1980s. Initially the Committee met 3 times a year and discussed the selected issues over a week. In time we see other scholars participate in the meetings of the Committee and also scholars who were inspired by the workings of the Committee such as R.J. Vincent, M. Donelan, J. Mayall, A. James, G. Gong, to name but a few. Martin Wight and Hedley Bull have come to be recognized as the most prominent scholars among the authors of the English School. The British Committee worked in the way that members prepared and distributed draft papers among themselves and then they discussed them over a week. The first publication of the Committee came out in 1966, titled Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, edited by Butterfield and Wight. In addition to Butterfield and Wight, the book included contributions by other members of the Committee such as Bull, Howard and MacKinnon. The penultimate work that came out of the working of the Committee was published in 1984, titled The Expansion of International Society, edited by Bull and Watson. In-between, we see various works, either collective or individually authored, by members of the Committee or authors inspired by the works of the Committee. It is fair to say that the British Committee thus led to the formation of a body of works, which we now consider as the output of the English School of International Relations. When one examines the composition and the working of the British Committee, some of the premises and arguments of the English School can be discerned. The Committee was composed of scholars coming from different disciplines, not just those coming from the discipline of IR.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Walt, there are four elements that define perceived threat. The four elements of threat are aggregate power , geographic proximity , offensive capabilities , and offensive intentions . Basically, how powerful is it, how close is it, how much military might is it capable of, and is it acting aggressively? Those are the four criteria that states use to evaluate the threat posed by other states.