International Politics

Yanıt Açıklaması: Another important point to be emphasized about human rights is the consideration that the development of human rights is largely Western-centric. In that regard, there is a large body of literature on the universality and locality of human rights (see Clapham 2007, 66; Donnelly 2007, 37-53; Freeman 2012, 126-132). In this sense, for example, the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well (Brown 2006, 700; Freeman 2012, 55; Patricia 1993, 218).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Security is not listed as a function in the formation of Commonwealth of Nations as a regional organization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Correct option is C.  B,D and A are related to the foundation of USA.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Human rights in international relations are generally evaluated under the heading of normative theories. Normative theories that incorporate valuable concepts such as justice and ethics, argue that theories must be the catalyst of change beyond simple descriptions There is no doubt that normative theory interacts with many different approaches. However, it can be argued that it has special ties with the theoretical approach known as English School.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bourgeoisie occurred before aristocracy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713.

Yanıt Açıklaması: When evaluated as a whole, it can be argued that policies of international organizations have played an important role in transforming the principle of absolute sovereignty in the face of human rights. In this context, numerous organizations that have introduced the principle of conditionality for the protection of human rights could be mentioned. For example, the European Union effectively implements this principle in the process of membership, while encouraging candidate members to take steps in line with democratization and human rights (Smith 2005; Schimmelfennig 2007; Usul 2011, 43-71).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The United Nations is the international human rights organization that started mainly for the reason of ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)’. Thus, the correct answer is the option A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Cold War was a period interestingly with no armed conflict happened between major powers USA and USSR. Instead, various peripheral territories faced with proxy wars several times. Thus, states that had lethal nuclear weapons, managed to avoid such military actions. Negative outputs of two world wars taught the importance of interconnection and diplomacy among nations. UN is a unifying, easy connecting, and negotiating platform among governments with their permanent representatives that help nations to deal with international contemporary issues.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was founded in 1922.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Revolutionary developments towards fundamental rights occurred in England in the 17th century.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Council of Europe Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom, political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to facilitate economic and social progress of its member states.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Multicentris phase of globalization started in 1500.

Yanıt Açıklaması: John Locke defends the idea that sovereign power of society must not violate humans’ inherent natural rights consisting of life, liberty and property. Thus, the correct answer is given in the option B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Thus, they jointly succeeded to eliminate the secular power of the Catholic Church on politics, economy, and society though it was the main figure of European politics throughout the Middle Age. The symbol of that elimination was the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed in 1648 after Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), widely known as the Peace of Westphalia. No official from the Papacy was invited to negotiations or signatures of the cited agreement. This event has been considered as an indication of the neglect of the Papacy in political decision-making of the new era.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Active status rights, include both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Council of Europe was founded to defend human rights, parliamentary democracy, and the rule of law, develop continent-wide agreements to standardise the social and legal practices of member countries, and promote awareness of a European identity that is based on shared values and cutting across different cultures.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa . (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights.