International Politics

Yanıt Açıklaması: The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A Afro-Eurasian C Afro-Eurasian D oriental globalization 2 E Afro-Eurasian

Yanıt Açıklaması: The options is A,B,C,D can be regarded as the types of regionalism. However, sub-national is a type of region.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation was established in 1969.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Yearbook of International Organizations database includes 69,000 international organizations, 37,000 of which are active and 32,000 are dormant. Every year 1,200 new organizations are added to Yearbook’s database (The Yearbook of International Organizations, n.d.).

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Nishikimi, economic integration constitutes two different forces on industrial location: dispersion and agglomeration forces.

Yanıt Açıklaması: One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is the most crowded regional organization with 2,700,000,000 people in its coverage. The other organizations and their populations are listed below: African Union: 850,000,000 Commonwealth of Nations: 1,921,974,000 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: 1,519,750,955 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation: 1,467,255,669

Yanıt Açıklaması: The two main organs of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague are International Bureau and Administrative Council.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the regionalism perspective, some of the most fruitful writing in the discipline of International Relations comes from the constructivist school that puts a particular focus on the processes of identity formation and learning (Wendt, 1994: 384-396).

Yanıt Açıklaması: First of all; while region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundaries are lined; with reference to Frost, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region , combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix (“- ism ”) in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas (Frost, 2008: 15). Thirdly; regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. According to Frost, “regionalization is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own. Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of rights include negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights. "Passive status rights" is not mentioned in this classification of rights.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Except for the option C,  the rest are criteria listed by Judge

Yanıt Açıklaması: One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity . In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. They have a state-centric approach to the analysis of international organizations. For them, states are both principal actors of international system and also rational actors making cost-benefit analysis of every alternative and select the ones that maximize their benefits. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories.

Yanıt Açıklaması: European Union, as a political regional organization, is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbours in Europe, which culminated in the Second World War. The six founding countries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EU is not only faced with the dilemma of how to take care of them, but also finds itself the target of several terrorist attacks work for the settlement of conflicts and disputes involving Member States.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon PHASES START TIME CENTRAL NODES DYNAMICS Eurasian Globalization 3000 BCE Eurasia Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires Afro-Eurasian 1000 BCE Greco-Roman world, West Asia, East Africa Commercial revolution Oriental globalization 1 500 CE Middle East Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade Oriental globalization 2 1100 East and South Asia and multicentric Productivity, technology urbanization; Silk Routes Multicentric 1500 Atlantic expansion Triangular trade, Americas Euro-Atlantic 1800 Euro-Atlantic economy Industrialization, colonial division of labour 20th Century globalization 1950 US, Europe, Japan: Trilateral globalization Multinational corporations, (end of ) Cold War, global value chains 21st Century globalization 2000 East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies New geography of trade, global rebalancing

Yanıt Açıklaması: Held & McGrew (2003), in their comprehensive book, mention about different approaches regarding the concept: Globalization has been variously conceived as action at a distance (whereby the actions of social agents in one locale can come to have significant consequences for ‘distant others’); time-space compression (referring to the way in which instantaneous electronic communication erodes the constraints of distance and time on social organization and interaction); accelerating interdependence (understood as the intensification of enmeshment among national economies and societies such that events in one country impact directly on others); a shrinking world (the erosion of borders and geographical barriers to socio-economic activity) ; and, among other concepts, global integration, the reordering of interregional power relations, consciousness of the global condition and the intensification of interregional interconnectedness .

Yanıt Açıklaması: Fukuyama mentioned about the end of history Wallerstein   states that the value set of liberal school of thought predicted a national and modern developmental state model to lead welfare economies also for the newly independent states Hobsbawm mentions ‘age of extremes’ regarding fascism, Nazism, Marxism and communism