International Politics

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 1492, with the expedition of Christopher Columbus to India through western route practiced for the first time, sponsored by Isabella I of Castile, “The Age of Discovery” emerged.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For Lombaerde, neofunctionalism came under critique by intergovermentalism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Although some communities had started agriculture, the majority kept their livestock in a nomadic manner since their geographical conditions were not favourable. The antique empires such as Macedonian, Persian, Rome, Mongols and the Seljukians, through healthy designed and functioning civilian and military bureaucracy of their era, reached enormous capacity to spread across many different continents with their cultural influence as well. Social and cultural aspects of the earlier hegemonic powers of their age commonly held by local authorities and people through some variations. Especially, religions such as Christianity and Islam spread fast and were adopted by masses.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The weakening temporal power of the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire demonstrated the difficulties of unifying such a diverse geographical area as the continent of Europe, even when the continent was under the threat of the Ottoman Empire. Thirty Years War ended the idea of a unified Christian Europe. The Peace of Westphalia and then the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), laid the ground for the establishment of a sovereign state system in Europe.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in 1949.

Yanıt Açıklaması: They emphasize the freedom of personal immunity (the restrictions of personal immunity) They emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities (positive status rights) They emphasize to strengthen social and economic conditions (positive status rights) They guarantee the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected (active status rights)

Yanıt Açıklaması: The concept of region also shows macro-regions (regions of the world), which are larger territorial (in contrast to non-territorial) units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Renaissance precipitated the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries) in various countries of Europe such as France, Scotland, Germany, and also in America. The values like liberty, separation of church and state, tolerance and scientific research became the characteristics of this new age.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism Regional Collective Action To Achieve: By: Requiring: Coordination Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards. Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information. Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing. Cooperation An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally. Collaboration Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally. Delivering regional public goods and pooled services. Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities. Harmonisation Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives. Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives. Economic Integration Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs. Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives. Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values. Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Human Right Council is among the charter-based bodies that support OHCHR. The charter-based bodies that support the OHCHR are Human Right Council, Universal Periodic Review, Commission on Human Rights, Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, and Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Territorial integrity principle created a European order, a balance of power within the continent not allowing any kingdom to be more powerful through complex alliance systems.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Council of Europe (CE) is listed among the Regional Political Organizations

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regional Security Organizations are North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), European Union (EU), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), African Union (AU), League of Arab States (AL), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Council of Europe is among the regional political organizations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Hague Peace Conferences took place in 1888 and 1907.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança). Then, other Portuguese sailors reached other coasts of East Africa. This oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Concert of Europe was established in the post-Vienna congress era to maintain peace and security in Europe. It did not take place regularly and was not an international organization. It ended with the Crimean War.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Except for option E, the rest are related to the role of arena

Yanıt Açıklaması: LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as: A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions; Voluntary membership of eligible parties; A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation; A broadly representative consultative conference organ; A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Age of Discovery led to a world in which foreign trade and colonialism became the main dynamics.