International Politics

Yanıt Açıklaması: During 1960s and 70s, Third World countries utilized the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) as a forum at which they could articulate their trade and economic demands.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714), was a cornerstone of this determination of making the order permanent. The treaty prevented rising influence of the French Empire on Europe, with alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In World War I, the Allied Powers are France, United Kingdom, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Romania, China, United States, Greece, etc.; Central Powers: German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The central node of Multicentric phase is the Atlantic expansion. The dynamics are triangular trade and Americas. The start time is 1500.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foster a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries

Yanıt Açıklaması: NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means, and in security. NATO politically promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and security-related issues to build trust, solve problems, and prevent conflict in the long run. NATO militarily is committed to a peaceful resolution of disputes in international relations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regional cooperation is formed to achieve an effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. It is formed by developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. It requires voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are units of people who came together voluntarily toward a specified objective without a citizenship restriction acting with the aim of protecting human rights issues. These organizations include Amnesty International, Freedom House and Human Rights Watch and Doctors Without Borders. The option C is not correct in the sense that The Criminal Court of Justice is not a member of non-governmental organizations but it is an international human rights organization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Roles of International Organizations in International Politics International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor. Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends. This is particularly the case with intergovernmental organizations where sovereign states are members, because they have the power to constrain international organizations from acting independently (Archer, 2001: 68). The depiction of international organizations as instruments of its members is close to Realist and Neo-realist conception of international organizations, which puts forward that international organizations are not more than sum of its constituent parts, which are states. International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives. As an example for this, the United Nations (UN) in its first eight years of existence was often used by the US for pursuing its foreign policy objectives thanks to favourable majority consisting of the West European, Old Commonwealth and Latin American states in the General Assembly (thirty-four out of the original fifty-one members), on a majority in the Security Council only attenuated by the Soviet veto, and a Secretary-General with clear pro-Western sympathies (Archer, 2001: 69). As the number of UN members expanded and varied, the US lost such a control over the UN. In the same way, NATO has been used by the US as an instrument of pursuing its foreign policy thanks to its overwhelming military and political clout in the organization. Member states’ delegation of limited powers to international organizations makes them ‘nothing else and nothing more than a set of mutual promises of coordinated and synchronized national policy action’.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression are the four areas over which the founding Treaty grants the International Criminal Court jurisdiction . Religious crimes are not one of these areas.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states

Yanıt Açıklaması: The rise of new intellectual values of the Enlightenment Age, the economic crisis and the concomitant heavy tax burden on the ordinary people after the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), and the demand of participation in political decision making processes by newly emerged socio-economic classes all led France into turmoil by objecting Old Regime (Ancien Régime). The earlier aspects of the Old Regime such as feudality, nobility, patrimonialism and monarchy started to be questioned (Furet, 1996, pp. 3-40).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism Regional Collective Action To Achieve: By: Requiring: Coordination Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards. Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information. Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing. Cooperation An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally. Collaboration Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally. Delivering regional public goods and pooled services. Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities. Harmonisation Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives. Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives. Economic Integration Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs. Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives. Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values. Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well (Brown 2006, 700; Freeman 2012, 55; Patricia 1993, 218).

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the “Framework for Pacific Regionalism”, for harmonisation, legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives are all required.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International organizations are suggested cover their operations in at least 2 or 3 countries.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Thus, Mooney & Evans (2007) promote the ambiguous character of the concept and emphasize that “ (…) globalization concerns a field of inquiry defined more by the questions it asks and its object of study: the world as a whole and parts of it in relation to this whole.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: The European Union is a regional political organization.