International Politics

Yanıt Açıklaması: The internationalization of human rights is the result of a long period of time. In this context, the first transnational attempts are some regulations concerning the law of war. Some efforts to tackle intergovernmental relations through international legal arrangements and organizations have been shaped by The Hague Conventions and the Geneva Protocol. Undoubtedly, all these arrangements served as an important cornerstone in the formation of the law of war. With these arrangements, it was aimed to protect the civilians and rules to be followed in the war based on the jus in bello principle within the framework of just war theory (Abele 2011; Brown 2006, 694; Nabulsi 1999, 25).

Yanıt Açıklaması: option A liberalism Option B functionalism Option C neofunctionalism Option E transactionalism

Yanıt Açıklaması: During the WW1, in the year 1917; Bolsheviks took the Czar down and started to establish a communist regime. Bolshevik is the name of faction in Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in early 20th century, literally meaning “one of the majority”. Bolsheviks have struggled with Mensheviks in the party. Bolsheviks became dominant component of the party and led the revolution of 1917 under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the founding leader of Soviet Union.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The early debate on regionalism in the 1960s and 1970s was always focused on the European integration process.

Yanıt Açıklaması: With alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia, the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714) prevented the rising influence of the French Empire on Europe.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to this definition by Brown (2007), “ federalism is a system of government in which authority is constitutionally divided between central and regional governments. Many experts who study federalism see regionalism expressed in direct, political, geographically-specific ways before it can potentially take on constitutional significance. This is true at subnational, supranational and trans-national levels alike (Brown, 2007: 13, 14).

Yanıt Açıklaması: At the Congress of Vienna (November 1814 – June 1815), after the defeat of France, the future of Europe and the order of post-war period were negotiated

Yanıt Açıklaması: Except for the option E, the rest are characteristics of the bourgeoisie

Yanıt Açıklaması: First of all; while region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundaries are lined; with reference to Frost, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region , combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix (“- ism ”) in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas (Frost, 2008: 15). Thirdly; regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. According to Frost, “regionalization is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own. Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regimes are defined by Keohane as the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Some of the most important dimensions of regionalism can be stated as security, economic, social, and environmental (Söderbaum and Granit, 2014: 18-19).

Yanıt Açıklaması: However, human rights gain its present meaning throughout the modern times. It is the result of a nearly three centuries of struggle that started with the English Revolution and continued with the American and French Revolutions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Belgium, along with France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, is among the six founding countries of the European Union.

Yanıt Açıklaması: option E is (Actor) one of the major roles, not function, international organization generally plays

Yanıt Açıklaması: Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions Names of Regional Organizations Date Formed Population (7,302,446,600) Functions Websites African Union (AU) 2002 850,000,000 Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation https://au.int Arab League / League of Arab States (AL) 1945 404,034,810 Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/Welcome.aspx Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 1989 2,700,000,000 Economy, Cooperation https://www.apec.org/ Association of Caribbean States (ACS/AEC) 1994 237,000,000 Economy, Consultation, Cooperation http://www.acs-aec.org/ Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 1973 16,743,693 Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation http://www.caricom.org/ Central American Integration System (SICA) 1993 51,152,936 Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation, Integration http://www.sica.int/index_ en.aspx?Idm=2&IdmStyle=2 Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) 1994 210,000,000 Security, Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy http://www.odkb.gov.ru/start/ index_aengl.htm Commonwealth of Nations (CON) 1931 1,921,974,000 Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy http://www. commonwealthofnations.org/ Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 1985 405,139,000 Economy, Development http://www.eco.int/ Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 2001 205,693,649 Economy, Development http://www.eaeunion. org/?lang=en European Economic Area (EEA/EFTA) 1994 500,017,119 Economy, Development http://www.efta.int/eea European Union (EU) 1957 500,900,000 Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy http://europa.eu/

Yanıt Açıklaması: In spite of all these steps, the geostrategic necessities of the bipolar world during the Cold War prevented international initiatives on human rights from being effectively put in place. In other words, the overriding of security in the security-freedom balance prevented to take steps in the name of liberties in these years. However, it is possible to talk about some exceptional initiatives as a product of the détente period during the Cold War. In this context, a move that needs to be underlined has been the Helsinki Final Act which includes regulations about human rights, and to which Soviet and the US are involved as parties.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In addition to Judge, Michael Wallace and David Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization: The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’. The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade. The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents.

Yanıt Açıklaması: While the term of region has been typically defined “as geographically proximate and interdependent states” and the term of regionalism “as attempts at formal cooperation between such states”, it is evident that for many scholars who study on the subject of region and regionalism “these definitions are today too narrow”. The resurrection and re-definition of ‘regionalism’ are among the prominent trends in the international studies of the present times. Regionalism has been brought back into the academic studies as well as the policy debates after some decades of neglect.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members.