International Politics

Yanıt Açıklaması: International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe ; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna in 1993 and emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A region is often defined as a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area. A region is basically “a part of the land surface of the earth”. In the geographical literature, regions can be defined in three ways as uniform, functional, and administrative areas, respectively.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78)

Yanıt Açıklaması: The World Trade Center was hit by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the Framework for Pacific Regionalism, coordination, as a regional collective action, be achieved by establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

Yanıt Açıklaması: If an international organization has a membership dominated by one powerful member, that organization is susceptible to being used as a hegemonic instrument, like the utilization of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) by the USSR before Mikhail Gorbachev. Organizations whose members are of about the same weight, like the EFTA between 1973 and 1995, will be more egalitarian by nature and thereby act as a meeting place for equals (Archer, 2001: 92).

Yanıt Açıklaması: International organizations generally play three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Human right issues do not hold an important place in Realism. Normative Theory, Liberalism, Constructivism, and English School provide an account for human rights issues in international politics.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For achieving standardization in weights and measures, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures were established in Paris with the adoption of the Metre Convention at a conference convened in Paris in 1875

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regionalism is closely linked with the shifting nature of international politics and intensification of globalisation. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Founding fathers played an important role in establishing confederacy and forming a constitution in the United States. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are called as the founding fathers.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization with members from 216 countries.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism Regional Collective Action To Achieve: By: Requiring: Coordination Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards. Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information. Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing. Cooperation An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally. Collaboration Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally. Delivering regional public goods and pooled services. Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities. Harmonisation Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives. Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives. Economic Integration Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs. Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws / requirements to meet the shared regional objectives. Administrative / Legal / Institutional Integration A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values. Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration. Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In addition to Judge,MichaelWallace andDavid Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization: • The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’. • The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade. • The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Among the main objectives of the Organisation of African Unity was to get rid of apartheid and colonialism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first public international union is the International Telegraph Union (ITU).