Contemporary World Civilizations

Yanıt Açıklaması: Wilkinson spells out the interconnectedness of African civilizations to what he calls Central civilization that originated in Egypt and branched out to the entire world to be known as Western Civilization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The American Revolution (1775-1783) transformed a colonized society into a fully functioning independent nation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: On 25 December 800, Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne the “Emperor of the West” in St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. In this way Charlemagne and Leo attempted to revive the glories of the Roman Empire and found what would later came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire, which survived from 1254 to 1806.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Buddhism is the religion named after Siddhartha Gautama, who, although born of a princely family on the borders of what is now India and Nepal, was moved by the poverty and suffering of people with whom he came into contact. As a result, he renounced his status and spent half a century wandering and teaching. Most of this was done in the states of Bihar and Oudh, located in the area between north-central and northeastern India. He lived between 560 and 480 BCE (although other dates have also been given). Gradually, he became known as the “Enlightened One,” or the Buddha, and his followers were called Buddhists.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Japan has grown so dramatically since World War II that it scores above average in the rankings of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (35 countries) for income and wealth, education and skills, jobs and earnings, personal security, and social connections. However, it falls below the average in the available scope of housing, civic engagement, subjective well-being, work-life balance and health status.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Statistics from the census of 2010 disclose that China’s population context has changed and it has been found that the “one child” policy led to low birth rate, and aging society, and broadening gender inequity.

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Yanıt Açıklaması: The Crusades - a sequence of religious wars authorized by the Roman Catholic Church in the period of 11th – 18th centuries. The major goal was to capture the Eastern Mediterranean and other regions from Islamic rule. The wars were conducted for a variation of motives including defeating paganism and heresy, fixing conflicts among rival Roman Catholic clusters, and for political and land gain. The Crusades had a deep influence on Western civilization, as well as on Islamic civilization: they opened the Mediterranean Sea once again to trade and travel for the Europeans (enabling Genoa and Venice to reach their economic peak); they reinforced the collective identity of the Roman Catholic Church under papal control; and they established a source and standards for recognitions of heroism, gallantry, and devotion that stimulated medieval romance, philosophy, and literature. The Crusades also strengthened the linking between Western Christendom, feudalism, and militarism and involved the mass murder of Jews in Europe as well as Islamic defenders of the regions attacked.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Taiwanese and Singaporean are among Chinese civilization, Hindu is one of the major civilizations itself, Japanese is also another civilization. Vietnamese is a Buddhist civilization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Mahabharata was built around the notions of karma (past deeds can determine future destiny), moksha (release from the cycle of existence), and samsara (the cycle of existence). However, its main theme is Dharma, duty; the path to dharma conveys the right way of living, righteousness.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The second and the third items are among the instruments of reason that the West has developed while the first one is something the modern West has been less successful at finding.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 1996, participants at an American Council on International Intercultural Education conference adopted a framework for global education. The conferees created a list of developmental stages that “represent a continuum germane throughout all levels of education”: A. Recognition of global systems and their connectedness, including personal awareness and openness to other cultures, values, and attitudes at home and abroad. B. Intercultural skills and direct experiences. C. General knowledge of history and world events -- politics, economics, geography. D. Detailed area studies specialization -- expertise in another language, culture, or country. Choice E is not one of them, so the correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: bindu

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are many impressive Buddhist temples and stupas outside of India and Indonesia has the largest Buddhist monument on earth- Borobudur in central Java, built during the rule of Buddhist dynasty between 750 and 800 CE.

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Yanıt Açıklaması: The most imposing and enormous stupa, which has a diameter of 105 feet and its rests on a 20-foot drum surrounded by chatras, is the Great Stupa at Sanchi in central India.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Shinto. It is the natural religion of Japan and was once its national religion. It includes the worship of kami or spirits. Some kami are local, and the spirit is of a particular place – like Amaterasu, the Sun goddess, or Mount Fuji. This religion has no established dogma or unique book, no holiest place, no person or kami viewed as the most sacred. People enter shrines by passing through a distinguishing gate (torii). The shrine may hold offerings of food and sake located before a symbol of the kami. the Shinto ideal of harmony with nature inspires such typically Japanese arts as flower-arranging (ikebana), traditional architecture, and garden design.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A, B, C, and E are among the factors that heavily influenced the civilizations that originated in the Rift and the Nile Valleys. The option D is not related to these factors.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Merrick Posnansky argues that African civilization is expressed in its regional settings as an adaptation of Hamitic and Nilotic origins He also details African civilization as a focal point for scholarly analysis, yet a moving target without a conclusive and uniting theoretical tool rooted in scientific postulations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Cotton was worn from earliest times, India being the first civilization that produced it.