Political Science

Yanıt Açıklaması: Interest groups and political parties use public opinion polls to promote their causes. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Elements of Indirect Democracy • Citizens determine government through indirect voting • Open elections to all citizens of legal age to determine representatives who act on their behalf • Representation in government through political party influence • Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary • Rule of law developed by representative leaders

Yanıt Açıklaması: Politics as part of society also includes many other groups that try to change government policies and actions. These might be pressure groups, interest groups, individual businesses, and corporations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Marshall divides the development of citizenship into three stages, and distinguishes between civil, political, and social citizenship. He calls the current trend towards social equality the latest phase (Marshall, 1965: 78). Marshall connects the three different sets of rights with three different centuries—civil (with the freedom of speech, thought and faith) to the eighteenth, political (with active and passive suffrage) to the nineteenth, and social rights (like welfare and economic security) to the twentieth century. The correct answer is D:

Yanıt Açıklaması: Soysal (1994) defines this membership as post-national membership, which has five distinctive features, in contrast to the classical model of three features of national citizenship. First, post-national citizenship is a very modern idea. Second, the territorial dimension of postnational citizenship is not nation-state bounded unlike the conventional model. The rights of trans-national migrants are an obvious example of that difference. Third, there is no single rights status in the post-national membership unlike the conventional model. Fourth, Soysal states that in the post-national model, universal citizenship replaces national citizenship ; universal human rights replace national rights , and rights given to the post-national membership are secured by transnational institutions which, in a way, can be seen as a weakening of the national citizenship model. Trans-national migrants have stronger rights .

Yanıt Açıklaması: Michael Freeden explains this using a metaphor. Ideologies may be likened to rooms that contain various units of furniture… If we [enter a room and] find liberty, rationality, and individualism at its center, while equality—though in evidence— decorates the wall, we are looking at an exemplar of liberalism. If order, authority, and tradition catch our eye upon opening the door, which equality is shoved under the bed or, at best, one of its weaker specimens is displayed only when the guests arrive, we are looking at a version of conservatism. Core, adjacent and peripheral units pattern the room and permit its categorization (Freeden, 1996: 86-7.)

Yanıt Açıklaması: Naturalization: The legal process by which a person acquires a new nationality (Martin, 2003: 325).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For most parties, there are three main goals: developing a party message (platform), getting members in government leadership, and running the government. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Voter turnout (not to be confused with number of registered voters) is the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election.The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In Germany, non- European Union immigrants, and even their offspring, were not easily able to obtain citizenship until the year 2000 . This difficulty caused Turkish-origin immigrants to strengthen their own ethno-cultural and religious connections, both in Germany and across the national borders (Kaya, 2012).

Yanıt Açıklaması: In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Apartheid regime in South Africa (1948-1994) is known to have been a hybrid or illiberal regime, in which there is a structure of democracy but does not protect civil rights.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Global Impacts has specific concerns about cyberterrorism policy and aggressive policies of largest states

Yanıt Açıklaması: Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties  millions of members.The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Spain under Francisco Franco, Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolph Hitler, and The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were totalitarian regimes.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Differentiated citizenship means that members of certain groups will be incorporated into the political community not only as individuals but also through the group, and that their rights will depend on their group membership. This idea of differentiated citizenship is a big development in citizenship theory (Kymlicka and Norman, 1994: 370).