Political Science

Yanıt Açıklaması: A confederal system is one where loose states agree to abide by the dictates of a powerful central government. Nations that constitute the confederacy are not obliged to follow the lead of a weak central government. Examples of confederacies include the former Soviet Union, the Confederate States of the United States (1861-1865), and Switzerland’s Canton system. So the correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Socialism adjusts the criterion of liberalism in such a way that it is radically altered. If the criterion of liberalism is that debts are owed to the self, then the criterion of socialism—the standard by which it judges entities, institutions and events—is that debts are owed to the self as constituted by society.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The central focus of interest of Political Science or Political scientists in all over the world is that of the political aspects of human relations in society. In this sense, Political Science is the scientific designation of the subject of our study. This name, “Political Science,” was accepted by some Political Scientists at a conference held on 16 September 1948 under the auspices of the UNESCO.

Yanıt Açıklaması: With new economic clout, China, which now calls itself a social capitalist country, has increased its political reach and now seeks to control the South China and East China Seas with suspected oil deposits through a series of fortified man-made islands

Yanıt Açıklaması: The legal approach refers to an attempt to understand politics in terms of law. It focuses on the legal and constitutional framework in which different organs of government have to function, and the powers and procedure which makes their actions legally valid. For example, the legal approach to Indian politics will proceed to analyze the implications of various provisions of the Indian constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court of India, the procedure of the formation and legal position of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies, the election procedures, the powers and position of the President, Prime Minister, and Governors. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Although they are in nominal control of their territory and have one dominant group with shared culture, religion, language, and traditions, these are not states in the international sense since they lack international recognition. Technically, they are countries and nations but not states.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Environmentalism suggests that we owe a debt to the earth.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The seminal work of Karl Marx is Grundrisse.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Liberalism separates ‘church’ and ‘state’, by locating all matters of religion in privacy, so leaving the secular state dominant in public. Socialism alleges that the separation is an error, which leaves the self in thrall to religion: so it refuses the separation, and instead suggests that church and state together have to be transformed. This throws up two formal possibilities. It could involve the secularization of religion, so that religion is emptied of its mythical, metaphysical or transcendental content and restored to humanity, not merely as a ‘religion of humanity’ but as a praxis. Or it could involve a secular interpretation of certain precepts of religion. And conservatism alleges that both are errors, since religion is what it is, in its publicity and its authority: so it should neither be displaced nor replaced. It should go through no form of secularization, but remain authoritative. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Historical Materialism is the fundamental tenet of Marxism in all its ‘classical’ varieties. History is the product not of conscious decisions and ideas, but of ‘material’ processes and conditions which can be identified and described without reference to the mental states of those who participate in them. It is the changes in these material conditions which make necessary and bring about those changes in social, political and institutional superstructures which in aggregate form the substance of history. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: If a nation lacks treaty recognition but occupies a defined territory, it can be called a country.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Jean-Jacques Rousseau went even further in the refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract (social compact). He maintained that citizens had the right as sovereigns to create their own government.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism (Fellman et al., 2007: 429-430).

Yanıt Açıklaması: At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement. This caused radical changes in Political Science in terms of methods. Statistics and psychology have become tools used in Political Science. Various intellectual movements such as pragmatism, logical positivism and behavioural psychology contributed much to the development of the new approach. The Behavioural approach is based on the assumption that political institutions and nature of political events are largely determined by the nature and behavior of people – both elites and masses. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As many have observed, resistance to change is the abstract concept or negative moment of conservatism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Socialism has had most success in the form of critique.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A typical community in early Greece was called a polis (city-state) and consisted of a walled urban center that was built on a natural acropolis with a surrounding territory of land under its control.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The system that is seen as the opposite of a monistic theory of state is pluralism. In a pluralistic system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions. The state is only one of the institutions among social, political, cultural, and economic institutions within the society. Pluralism is a system characterised by a multiplicity of small groups. Each group has its scope of power that may be restricted to a narrow specific domain. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: From the practical point of view, politics is sometimes defined as the technique of compromise. That is why Bismarck, the first Chancellor of the German Empire, defined politics as the ‘art of the possible’. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first four options refer to effects of globalisation in the domain of culture. However, the fifth option is particularly related to the economic impact of globalisation. The correct answer is E.