Introduction to World Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Arabs served the world as great transmitters of knowledge. The Byzantines preserved world knowledge of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and other great Greek thinkers; their writings were copied by hand through generations and then passed down to us via the Arabs. The correct choice is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Punic Wars were the most important institution underlying Rome’s expansion to include societies east and west. Of all the wars involving Rome, none were more important than the three on-and-off outbursts of fighting known collectively as the Punic Wars. This series of battles began in 264 BCE and ended almost a century later, in 146 BCE. The Punic Wars together amounted to a long-lasting conflict between Rome and Carthage, a powerful rival citystate and society to the south, founded originally by the Phoenicians, that arose in what is now Tunisia, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Traveling via sea was not as complicated as land travel in ancient Greece, and it was actually the preferred mode of transportation whenever possible. The ancient Greeks were highly skilled both in navigation and shipbuilding, and actively colonized and traded across the Mediterranean. Greece’s geography was optimal for boat travel, encircled by the Mediterranean and the Aegean seas, and with population centers concentrated near its coastlines and on its array of islands. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Doğru seçenek C. A&B are about second stage whereas  D&E are third stage

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Shang, or merchants and traders were considered the lowest strata. There was not a lot of respect for merchants and traders in ancient Chinese society. Though they could achieve significant wealth, they were held in low esteem because they did not produce anything, but rather transported and traded goods made by others. Though traders, merchants, and peddlers were viewed as essential members of society, they were lowest on the four rungs of the ladder of ancient Chinese social hierarchy, due to popular perception of these people as greedy and immoral. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Some scholars argue that ancient Egyptian Civilization originated in Africa. Often, they are referred to Africanists, Afrocentrists, and, in the opinion of some Western scholars, revisionists. Africanists look at Egypt and tend to rely on material facts and let their research lead them to the objective outcomes of their research. Afro-centrists also look at African and Egyptian material civilizations and articulate their views with vocabularies laced with ideology. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Only when the capital city was attacked and defeated by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE did the Commonwealth of Byzantium fall. Doğru cevap A'dır.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Unlike in the old Roman Empire, in the Byzantine Empire the emperor was absolute ruler of both church (Christianity) and state under a system called “caesaropapism.” The emperor himself presided over major theological debates and conferences, such as the Council of Nicaea. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The battle formation was the Phalanx or massed infantry formation where each Hoplite held his shield on his left arm, protecting the right side of his comrade on his left at the risk of his own possible injury, relying on the Hoplite to his left to protect his right side.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Rome was based in part on the older civilization of Greece. The ancient Greeks gave the world philosophy, cultivation of the world of the mind, and love of learning and logic; the Romans added to this a set of structures for organizing government and society efficiently and effectively. Rome taught mankind throughout the Western world how to establish the rule of law, advance engineering and science, and create a powerful military force, thus generating practical details which enabled the rise of Western civilization. Settling on Greek lands, Romans were influenced by the Greek culture. The Greeks first settled in Italy by 600 BCE and their influence was profound throughout the region. So, the builders of the Roman civilization certainly were exposed to many of the ideas, the institutions, and the culture of ancient Greece, especially via the culture of the Etruscans. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The economy of Hellenic Civilization was defined largely by the region’s dependence on imported goods. Since agriculture was labor-intensive, 80% of the Greek population was employed in farming and animal husbandry. Taxes were important revenue streams for citystate governments and were levied on houses, slaves, herds and flocks, wines, and hay, among other things.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The most important accomplishment of King Alyattes was the introduction of the first coinage system (called the electrum). The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The religion of ancient Greece was polytheistic, that is, having many gods and goddesses, who reflected life as it was lived in the land.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A sign of this role is indicated in William McGaughey ’s book on electronic civilization (2001), which shows how civilization has moved from print to electronic culture, and its ideals have changed from the classic “truth, beauty, and good” to an elusive element called rhythm (the energy and control of the individual and of human society); and how self-consciousness (concentrating on ourselves), enemy of rhythm, underlies the complexity of modern life

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 306 CE, Constantine became emperor of the entire Roman empire, east and west, and decided to move the capital city from Rome to an old fortress city on the Bosphorus, then called Byzantium. He wanted it to be called New Rome but the city gradually adopted the name of Constantinople in his honor. Politics dictated that soon the east and west would separate again, and the western portion of the Roman Empire fell to the Germanic tribes in 476 CE.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The answer is A

Yanıt Açıklaması: Zeus was recognized as king, and his wife, Hera, as queen. Her field was marriage. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The city-states had no standing armies but relied the citizenry to provide the manpower for what was a militia force. These citizen-soldiers, or Hoplites, (the word derived from hoplon for shield, or item of armor) were the able bodied men of the polis, whose “day jobs” were as farmers and artisans.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The second of the two contestants was Julius Caesar, a young consul; he was elected as part of a triumvirate with Pompey and another man, Crassus in 60 BCE. Enemies called this a “three headed monster.” Caesar had victories in the east. In response to one of them, he famously proclaimed: veni, vidi, vici – I came, I saw, I conquered.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Traditional Western Culture is said to have been created by three main historical factors: ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, and Christianity.