Introduction to World Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: Particularly significant are four great technological inventions by the Chinese; paper making, print, dynamite, magnetic compass. Agriculture is believed to have been invented by the Mesopotamian civilization. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 776 B.C.E, about 3000 years ago, the first Olympic Games took place.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Doğru seçenek E

Yanıt Açıklaması: There is also a ritualistic pattern to how the dead were buried with tombs oriented west to east to symbolize death and rebirth. Grave goods provide evidence of specific people in the village who acted as priests and presided over divination and religious observance. The Yang Shao Culture was matrilineal, meaning women were dominant, so this religious figure would have been a woman based on the grave goods found. There is no evidence of any high-ranking males in the burials but a significant number of females. Scholars believe that the early religious practices were also matrilineal and most likely animistic, where people worship personifications of nature, and usually feminine deities were benevolent and male deities malevolent, or at least more to be feared (Mark 2016). The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Cheikh Anta Diop is an African scholar who feels convinced that Egyptian civilization is an African civilization. To stand his intellectual grounds, and claim an intellectual confidence, he relates Egypt to Africa by weaving evidential facts about race, language, religion, political traditions at the village and community level and forcefully arguing that ancient Egypt is an integral family of the West, South, and East African civilizations. Both Toynbee and Diop acknowledge that ancient Egypt emerged in Africa, but they differ in their intellectual behavior. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There were Specialized workers, complex institutions and improved technology in mesopotamian cities and  written records   were kept.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Hellenic Civilization is a term which refers to that period of ancient Greek history between 507 BCE (the date of the first democracy in Athens) and 323 BCE (the death of Alexander the Great). This period is also defined as the age of Classical Greece and should not be confused with the Hellenistic Civilization which labels the period between the death of Alexander and Rome’s conquest of Greece (323 - 146 - 31 BCE). The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Society was divided into political factions and these were seen especially at chariot races where the Blues, representing the wealthy and supporters of Orthodoxy in religion, raced against the Greens, representing the rest of the population, mostly heterodox in religion. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The earliest Chinese literature that we know of probably comes from the later part of the Western Zhou Dynasty about 800 BCE (the same time as Homer in Greece) and was written on silk. This is the I Ching, a fortune-telling book, like the earlier oracle bones. Sometime around 300 BC, in the Warring States period, a general called Sun Tzu wrote a very important book called the Art of War, about the best ways to organize armies and battles. He offered the war strategy how to win a war without a battle. Around 100 BCE, Ts’ai Lun invented paper to write on. Paper was cheaper to write on than silk, so more people wrote and copied books during the Han Dynasty. The first woman writer of China, Ban Zhao, lived later in the Han Dynasty, in the first century CE. She wrote many books, including poetry and a history of the Western Han. Ban Zhao also wrote astronomy and mathematical books, and she wrote “Lessons for Women,” which advised women to submit to the men around them. This last book became very famous. During the Tang Dynasty, about 700 CE, people in China invented wood-block printing, which was easier than copying out books by hand and made books much cheaper than they had been before. Many more people learned to read, and many more people wrote books. The poet Bai Juyi wrote a famous poem, the Song of Everlasting Sorrow. Soon afterward, during the Song Dynasty, about 1000 CE, people invented movable clay type, and this made books even cheaper and more popular than before. In 1103 AD, Lie Jie published a book setting architectural standards for all of China. One of the most famous novels of ancient China is the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which was written about 1330 AD, during the Yuan Dynasty, by a man named Luo Guanzhong (Carr, 2017).

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age), during which fundamental changes occurred in the life and subsistence of mankind, evidence shows that village life started while multiplication of beneficent plant and animal breeds introduced agriculture and animal husbandry.

Yanıt Açıklaması: An interesting feature of the Roman government was the post of dictator. If there was a crisis at hand, the Romans could appoint a dictator, but his power could only last for six months. This, combined with the allocation of powers to plebeians as well as patricians, helped to guarantee stability while enabling Rome to handle crises. As an example, in 458 BCE Cincinnatus, a poor patrician was working on a small farm when the call from his country came. Although he questioned why he was being chosen, he accepted the request of delegates and was appointed temporary dictator so that he could rescue an army that had been surrounded by the enemy. Cincinnatus formed his army, engaged the enemy, and defeated it – all in fifteen days, seeing Rome through the emergency. He then resigned and returned to the farm, interested only in doing his duty, public service, not in grabbing political power or becoming rich or powerful. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Geography isolated China from many countries. In the west, the Himalayas with the peaks in snow and mountains of Tibet separated China from India (Figure 8.1). To the north stretched the Gobi Desert, some 500,000 miles of desolate waste, and the Mongolian Plateau. To the south rose mountains covered with forest and tracks of jungle. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Chinese history is traditionally investigated through the accomplishments of 25 dynasties and several kingdoms. Among them four dynasties are the most important; Shang (founding), Han (education), Ming (isolation behind the Great Wall), and Tang (examination for administrative jobs). The fall of the ancient Sinic Civilization was the result of the Opium Wars and Civil War which led to the formation of People’s Republic of China in 1949, followed by several changes of goals and strategies, among them the strategy of modernization (1978) led to a new political system – market socialism with the Chinese character which eventually in the 21st century developed the Chinese economy to the level of the second in the world after the U.S. economy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The mythology provided an explanation for natural phenomena: destructive storms were the result of Zeus’s anger at man’s impieties; Poseidon would raise storms at sea and sink the ships of those who displeased him.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Religion may be the most enduring and fascinating aspect of the Byzantine Civilization. Emperor Constantine had adopted Christianity as his faith and he died the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire. After Constantine became a Christian, and saw it become accepted as a religion, and after it subsequently became the only tolerated religion, the empire slightly modified its old pagan tradition of worshipping the god-emperor. The emperor was no longer a deity; however, it was believed that he was ordained of God to rule, and his power was divine.

Yanıt Açıklaması: the Nong, or peasant farmers: Farmers were landholders like gentry scholars, and agriculture long played a key role in the rise of Chinese civilization. Not only did the farmers produce the food to sustain the society, they paid land tax, which was a source of state revenue for the ruling dynasties. Farmers were therefore valuable members of society even though they weren’t shi. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Statements II-III and IV define the categories of societal organization in the Mesopotamian Civilization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The battle formation was the Phalanx or massed infantry formation where each Hoplite held his shield on his left arm, protecting the right side of his comrade on his left at the risk of his own possible injury, relying on the Hoplite to his left to protect his right side.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The next year, 47 BCE, Julius Caesar had further victories in the east. In response to one of them, he famously proclaimed: veni, vidi, vici – I came, I saw, I conquered.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 380 CE, Christianity became the sole authorized official religion of Rome and its empire. Roughly a decade after that, in 391 CE, Emperor eodosius forbade the practice of all religions except Christianity.