Introduction to World Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Mesopotamian Civilization was the first complex civilization. There followed on the same ground the following people who dominated this civilization’s development, activities, and fall and built subsequent ones: Sumerians (5000-2300 BCE), Akkadians (2334 – 2193 BCE), so forth.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Braudel defines civilization as ‘a process rather than a temporarily stabilized construct’. Thus, the correct answer is the option B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Felipe Fernández-Armesto (2001) defines “a civilization” as an area or as a period distinguished, in the mind of the person using the term, by striking continuities in ways of life and thought and feelings. He recognizes “barbaric,” or “savage” or primitive” societies. Societies, which have achieved self-differentiation can be called “civilized.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Fukuzawa Yukichi is one of the earliest oriental researcher who defined it as follows: “civilization comforts man physically and elevates him spiritually…Civilization advances the well-being and dignity of man, since man acquires these benefits through knowledge and virtue.” In his opinion, “morals had remained almost unchanged throughout history, but intellect had shown marked growth and progress.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: First coins minted by the Lydians. Right answer  is “D”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: It starts with the time of Old Kingdom, we see the founding of Hattusa, the capital city of the Hittites. The Great Hittite Kingdom started with the reign of Shuppiluliuma I. The Hittites became one of the most powerful civilizations. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, some city states appeared in southeastern Anatolia. This period is called the Late Hittite City States period and it lasted from 1200 to 650 BCE. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: They had permanent settlement so tey could  Start  Agriculture   and Domesticate  Dog  and Goat. as a result the hunting act decreased.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hattushili made the city of Hattusa the capital of that kingdom. After Hattushili I, a new king arose: Murshili I (1630 - 1600 BCE). He ruled the state in peace and tranquility, expanding its borders as far as the seas. He made a successful military expedition to Halep and Babylon. But the king was murdered. Then his successor Hantili I came to the throne. Around this time, attacks by the Hurrians resulted in chaos within the country.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The most advanced branch in Hittite art is architecture. The Hittite form of architecture, which is used in lower sections in Anatolia and which involves gigantic stones, continued during the New Hittite Kingdom Period. It was in 1286 BCE during the reign in Egypt of Ramses II, that war with Egypt finally broke out. Fighting took place on the plane to the south of the city of Kadesh and The Treaty of Kadesh is assumed to be the first international agreement in the history.  Internal threats, attacks by the Kashgans from the north and the Aegean Migrations of the Sea Peoples to the Levant were the main reasons for the collapse of the Hittite civilization.  Arnuvanda III did not have a child, so his brother Shuppiluliuma II become the king between the years of 1200 - 1190 BCE ans the collapse is not because of the lack of successor.

Yanıt Açıklaması: During this period was built the Great Pyramid of Giza, erected for the great Pharaoh Khufu in ways so complex and technically ingenious that no one, even today, is yet able to determine how it was built.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Advanced cities (commencing at 4000 BCE),

Yanıt Açıklaması: Intellectual behavior is the thought process that influences the outcome of scholarly research. The scholar who is dedicated to intellectual integrity is an explorer of the unknown. When his/her research leads them to an outcome, the scholar embraces the outcome based on the premises on which their own scientific standards are rooted. The behavior of the scholar whose research is based on objectivity will accept the research outcome as irrefutable, even if the outcome is unpleasant or varies from the assumptions at the initiation of the research. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: They were Creative,  industrious   and Working hard in water manegement

Yanıt Açıklaması: Since the core category is found under infrastructure, it is not one of the components of culture.

Yanıt Açıklaması: the correct options are : Nobles were the group consisting of king and his family, the chief priest and high place officers  and Clients were free men and women who were dependant on nobility and Commoners had a voice in political affairs. the wrong points are: Clients received large amounts of land in return for their labor  (they received small priors of land) and   Commoners were free citizens who were dependent on nobility (they were independent of mobility).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The earliest stages of this period are seen at Biris Cemetery and at SöğütTarlası in Şanlıurfa. One of the most important stages hereis the production of pottery made by hand-shaped clay. Right answer is “C”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: They effected and were effected by all the civilizations that lived in Asia and Europe.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Their economic activities involved cultivation of land, collection of harvests, engaging in bartering and acquiring the aptitude and practicalities of comparative advantage trade at their lowest levels.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Indus

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Feliks Koneczny, the Triple Law differentiates civilizations; • The first law; each civilization has a cause and purpose. • The second law; to endure, each civilization must harmonize interrelations among categories of existence and laws. Otherwise, a civilization may vanish. • The third law; mergers between civilizations lead to chaos, disintegration, and decay. An English historian Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) believed that societies thrive best in response to challenges and that a society’s most important task is to create a religion. The correct answer is D.