Introduction to World Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: The leading citizens were able to exclude masses from politics. Besides fighting foreign wars, the masses could be kept occupied, entertained, with the horrible public displays of savagery that occurred in the Circus. There, the masses were appeased through “bread and circuses,” matches in which people were thrown to fight for their lives against wild beasts; or contests in which gladiators fought to the death or were viciously murdered in front of the crowds, often because of a frivolous gesture by spectators; or displays in which conquered people were killed in the public. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ritual and monasticism, however, were also aspects of Christian religious life in the Byzantine civilization. One especially significant figure was St. Augustine, who lived from 354 to 430 CE. He was a theologian from North Africa (modern day Tunisia) whose teachings contributed mightily to the development of Christianity early on.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Mithraism was brought back to Rome by soldiers who traveled to the east and perhaps related to astrology; only men were admitted as members. The cult believed in a powerful god who could move the heavens, it advanced the idea of fatalism and avowed a lack of personal responsibility for what happens in life. Bulls were slaughtered at the Mithraic ceremonies and in the caves where the followers met are found depictions of scorpions, dogs, snakes, and lots of blood.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Although Latin was the official language of early Constantinople, as it was of the entire Roman Empire, that language was replaced by Greek after the sixth century CE. Greek, which had long been the vernacular in Constantinople anyway, became the language of government in Byzantium. As a result, as time went by Byzantine scholars and religious figures did not have to, nor did they tend to, learn to read Latin.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Hellenic Civilization is a term which refers to that period of ancient Greek history between 507 BCE (the date of the first democracy in Athens) and 323 BCE (the death of Alexander the Great). This period is also defined as the age of Classical Greece and should not be confused with the Hellenistic Civilization which labels the period between the death of Alexander and Rome’s conquest of Greece (323 - 146 - 31 BCE).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Digest was a codification of laws before Hadrian. Pax Romana means Roman Peace. Basilics was a new collection of laws at a later period (896-912 CE) under Leo, initiated by Leo’s father Basilius. Demes were the two rival parties the Blues an d the Greens. The correct answer is E, Codex Justinianus.  This immense work of codification named Codex Justinianus, later known as the Code of Justinian or, after a printed edition of 1583, appeared as the Corpus Juris Civilis. This became the basis for civil law throughout Western Europe.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Etruscans were a people with probable origins in Anatolia, in Asia, perhaps migrating west at the end of the Hittite empire, but of whom little is known to this day.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The shopping centers (agoras) literally meant “gathering place” or “assembly".

Yanıt Açıklaması: Mithraism, probably brought back to Rome by soldiers who traveled to the east and perhaps related to astrology; only men were admitted as members. The cult believed in a powerful god who could move the heavens, it advanced the idea of fatalism and avowed a lack of personal responsibility for what happens in life. Bulls were slaughtered at the Mithraic ceremonies and in the caves where the followers met are found depictions of scorpions, dogs, snakes, and lots of blood.

Yanıt Açıklaması: One must begin more solid history with the Chalcolithic period (5500 to 3000 BCE). That was a time when people moved from caves to villages and first mined copper. Hacılar is one of the most important centers for the period. Hacılar in the Lakes Region portrays the brightest culture of the Early Chalcolithic Age. Nine settlement layers and three cultural eras were revealed by excavations which have taken place here. Hacılar II was the best-known settlement of the period and it has been fully excavated. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The oldest habitation in Anatolia dates to the Paleolithic Period; it is Yarımburgaz Cave. Karain Cave is a significant prehistoric place in Anatolia. By the way as we know Çatalhöyük is the most well-known of the Early Neolithic Age settlements.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Taoism; 1- advocates: Harmony of man with Tao, 2- rejects: War, resignation, greed, prejudices, conventions, taboos, inequality, submission, dogmatic subjection to absolutist norms or prejudices 3- guidelines: It does not have a dogma to which the faithful should limit themselves, 4- promotes virtues: pity, generosity, selfdenial, kindness, personal sacrifice, planting trees Therefore, the correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In 306 CE, Constantine became emperor of the entire Roman empire, east and west, and decided to move the capital city from Rome to an old fortress city on the Bosphorus, then called Byzantium. He wanted it to be called New Rome but the city gradually adopted the name of Constantinople in his honor. The correct choice is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Doğru seçenek D

Yanıt Açıklaması: By the third century BCE, as the Republic aged, the public religion grew to absorb more cosmopolitan, especially Greek, ideas of the deities. Among the prominent gods of the later Republic years were six male gods: Jupiter, the all-important sky god, resembled the Zeus of Greece. Other male gods included Neptune (Poseidon to the Greeks), Mars (Ares to the Greeks), Apollo (he had the same name in both cultures), Vulcan (Hephaistos to the Greeks), and Mercury (Hermes to the Greeks). The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sumerian society was based on a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence. It was divided in four categories: • Nobles, • Free clients of the nobility, • Commoners, and • Slaves

Yanıt Açıklaması: “The Hellenes profited greatly from the knowledge and achievement of other countries about astronomy, chronology, and mathematics (but it was through their own native abilities that they made their greatest achievements) in becoming the founders of European philosophy and science.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided Greek governments into monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies and democracies, and most historians still use these categories

Yanıt Açıklaması: They used mud brick.