Introduction to World Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: Buddhist ethics is based on the five precepts: • Do not take anyone’s life • Do not take what does not belong to you • Do not have harmful sexual behavior • Do not tell lies • Do not consume intoxicants The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: An English historian Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) published his greatest work in the twelve-volume A Study of History (1934- 1961).

Yanıt Açıklaması: While all of the facts in the choices were true for the Byzantine Empire, the reason for the Niki revolt was that the members of the Blues and the Greens had come together in the Hippodrome to compel Emperor Justinian to be merciful to two escaped criminals. Emperor Justinian would not agree to the request.  The crowds rose in revolt against the emperor; they burned down many public buildings in the city, including Saint Sophia. Peasants who had fled their farms as result of heavy taxation joined that day with the demes in what became a major crowd movement, a sort of revolution. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The plebeians were the non-aristocratic, ordinary class. In the early years, roughly 80 % of the citizens were not patricians but rather plebeians, the lower classes. The plebeians themselves were gradually differentiated by stratification. Those who could not afford to serve as soldiers because they did not have the money to purchase weaponry were called the proletarians. Below them were the poorest of the plebeians, simply considered as numbers, without families or money. The correct choice is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Immanuel Wallerstein understood this very well and offered the world-system concept as a new approach in analyzing human development. In The Modern World-System (1974), he offered a tool on how to recognize the most useful interpretation of what happened historically. In his interpretation, “units of analysis” are “world-systems,” which mean something other than the modern nation-state, something larger than the nation-state, and something that was defined by the boundaries of an effective, ongoing division of labor

Yanıt Açıklaması: The controversy over the nature of Christ, the relationship between what was human and what divine in Christ caused disputes in the Byzantine world. It weakened permanently the Byzantine society’s cohesiveness. This contributed to weakening of the imperial defenses against the Muslims. The new theological controversies, which ran from the fourth century CE to the late seventh century CE, eventually led to the loss of the eastern provinces of the empire. As for choices B, C, and E, even though the latifundia system worked well at the beginning, it caused the landowners to gain excess power while the number of free military peasants decreased since the latter became serfs to rich land owners. Hence, the military of the empire weakened as soldiers became workers for the rich. The armies possessed by the wealthy posed a threat to the throne. On the other hand, even though Latin was the official language of early Constantinople, as it was of the entire Roman Empire, that language was replaced by Greek after the sixth century CE. Greek, which had long been the vernacular in Constantinople anyway, became the language of government in Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire was profoundly influenced by the Greek language, religious elements, literature and classical culture. As time went by Byzantine scholars and religious figures did not have to, nor did they tend to, learn to read Latin. While Greek culture had been central to the ancient Romans, and while the pagan religion of the Greeks had been adopted almost wholesale by the Romans, as Greek speakers located near Greece, the Byzantines were inspired much more deeply by the philosophy and literature of classical Greece than they were affected by the thinking and writing of classical Rome. Over time, Greek became the main language used. The Byzantines called themselves Romans but the language that was the medium in their empire became Greek. Therefore, although it had begun its work in the Latin language, it moved to Greek without causing major conflicts. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Statements II-III and IV are true about the economy of the Hellenic Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Byzantine Empire, an extension of the old Roman Empire, lasted for eleven centuries. Doğru cevap A’dır.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Rome was led by Senators who legislated. The city was not to be ruled based on arbitrary decisions taken by a king, an autocrat, but rather on deliberation. The leaders themselves came from a group of advisers that Romulus supposedly had formed to guide him; their descendants became known as the patricians. They became the leading class of Roman citizens, a subgroup of about five percent of the population, and would ultimately constitute the men who were to serve at the helm of Rome for five hundred years during the Republic and, subsequently, the Empire. The importance of the Senate for Roman history cannot be emphasized enough; when looking around Roman monuments that still survive one will see stamped on them SPQR – Senatus Populusque Romanus (the Roman Senate and People). It can be found on coins, weapons, and anything possessed by the state. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: At the beginning, sacred sites were just modest altars in designated areas, but over time massive temples were built to honor a particular god. These usually housed a cult statue of the deity, two of the most famous were that of Athena in the Parthenon of Athens and Zeus at Olympia. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: When Christians refused to pay homage to Roman gods and the dead emperors, seen as gods by the Romans, the empire turned against them and advocating Christianity was punishable by death. When in 64 CE the city burned, the Emperor Nero unfairly blamed the Christians; many Christians were killed based on the false charge. Major persecutions of Christians followed in the early fourth century, led by the co-emperors Diocletian and Galerius, who saw Christianity as a threat to their rule. In 306 CE, Constantine converted to Christianity and became the Roman emperor. In 314, his Edict of Milan ensured tolerance for Christians throughout the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar lived before the emergence of Christianity (born 100 or 102 BCE). The correct answer is C.