Introduction to World Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is C in that society (I), culture (III) and infrastructure (IV) constitute the elements of internal system of civilization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hattushili III (1275 - 1250 BCE) ascended to the throne with Queen Puduhepa, who became one of the famous women in Hittite history. This couple alluded to divine powers in their acts. They made great use of religion in politics. Puduhepa placed her seal on many official documents either on her own account or together with the king, e.g. on the Treaty of Kadesh. Hattushili also attached importance to royal marriages and he had his elder daughter marry Ramses II of Egypt. Tuthalia IV (1250 - 1220 BCE) succeeded to the throne after his death; he was the son of Hattushili III and Puduhepa. A seal proves that the queen also continued to hold her title as the ruling queen (tavananna) during the reign of her son. This seal imprint is the only example wherein the name of the mother is given along with the name of the king. Diplomatically, there were good relations between the Hittites and the Egyptians. The most important problem of this period was a famine which broke out because of a severe drought. And this problem was solved thanks to the aid of the Egyptians. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The gifts for the dead included a disc peculiar to the Hattis. This is called the “Hittite Solar Disc.” It was produced by a casting and wrought technique and bulls and deer were drawn on it. Furthermore, sculptures of bulls and deer epitomizing the gods were also found in tombs. In the royal tombs of Alacahöyük, Mahmatlar and Horoztepe, deer and bull statuettes -- which were considered sacred -- have been obtained. These statuettes are of the same style as the solar discs in terms of embellishment. The bull represents the god of the sky, whereas the deer represents the mother goddess. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Tigris -Euphrates rivers have their point of origin within 80 km of each other in eastern Turkey and they mainly determine the boundaries of the civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: From studies of the fate of the world in the last 6000 years, three rather important laws result: 1.The First Grand Law of the World Civilization is the Ability of Man to Develop. 2. The Second Grand Law of the World Civilization is the Right of Man to Freedom and Reason 3. The Third Grand Law of the World Civilization is the Law of Conscious Historical Evolution 4. The Fourth Grand Law of the World Civilization is the Historical Success of a Country’s Harmony

Yanıt Açıklaması: Except for the option C, the rest are related to habitat

Yanıt Açıklaması: Among their stupendous achievements is the fact that the ancient Sumerians developed the first form of writing ; that clearly constitutes the greatest contribution of Mesopotamian Civilization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: This was a period of organized trade that is called the Age of Assyrian Trade Colonies. Trading, which had previously taken place in an unsystematic manner, was made systematic through the formation of independent trading colonies, established in Anatolia, known as karum , trading posts that flourished from the 20th to the 18the centuries BCE.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first important set of rules or code of laws was fashioned by Hammurabi, the King of Babylon around 2000 BCE. They were 282 laws in Hammurabi’s code and they covered everything that seemed likely to be important. There were laws on witchcraft, robbery, buying and selling, hiring, debt, inheritance, divorce, adoption, rates of wages, and compensation for loss or injury.

Yanıt Açıklaması: 1. a) One must begin more solid history with the Chalcolithic period (5500 to 3000 BCE). That was a time when people moved from caves to villages and first mined copper. Hacılar is one of the most important centers for the period. 2. c) The second stage was the Bronze Age (3000 – 2000 BCE); it was during this era that the term “state” may begin to be applied. Further, there developed social classes, complicated economic activities and organized religion. The cities of Troy and Alacahöyük offer us good examples from the Bronze Age. 3. b) It is in the age of the Assyrian Colonies (1950 – 1750 BCE) that we can discern the early, almost historical period of Anatolia. Kanesh (Kültepe) reveals one of the best examples for this era. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: BCE stands for “Before Common Era,” or “Before Current Era.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Egypt’s geographical location has been a source of confusion and an expression of psychological mindset among intellectuals and laymen. Some ask: is Egypt African, Middle Eastern, or European? Mazrui in his article entitled “On the Concept We are All Africans” stated that Africa is whatever the mind determines it to be; it is a state of mind or “the quality of thinking of oneself as an African” (Mazrui, 1963: 88-97). Egypt is an African land, but the greatness of its golden civilizations of the past is so gargantuan that it can only be described as an amorphous geographical entity encompassing the entire continent, but also containing the Western part of the Middle East, and the Sinai Peninsula. Cheikh Anta Diop on Ancient Egypt stated “Egyptian antiquity is to African culture what GrecoRoman antiquity is to Western culture. The building up of a corpus of African humanities should be based on that fact (Diop, 1990: 31). Arnold J. Toynbee on Ancient Egypt wrote “This notable society emerged in the lower valley of the Nile during the fourth millennium B. C. and it was without ‘parents’ and without offspring; no living society can claim it as an ancestor (Toynbee, 1947:30). The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Gordion is the capital city of the Phrygian Civilization

Yanıt Açıklaması: Except for the option  in B, the rest are related to Diagnostic Handbook. Medicine was advanced by the Babyloni­ans, who introduced the concepts of diag­nosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. “In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introdu­ced the methods of therapy and etiology and the use of empiricism, logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of me­dical symptoms and often detailed empirical obser­vations, along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis” (Lindh, 2017).

Yanıt Açıklaması: “Ethnologists, classifying White men in accordance with their physical types, long heads and round heads, fair skins and drake skins, and all the rest of it, have sorted out three main White “races,” which they call Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean. For what is worth, we will reckon up the number of civilizations which each of these has made a positive contribution. Right answer is "E".

Yanıt Açıklaması: Civilization is not small but a large society living in an autonomous fuzzy reification which is not a part of a larger one. Thus, the correct answer is given in the option D. All the other options are included in the composite definition of civilization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The people of Mesopotamia believed that the universe was controlled by gods and goddesses who had to be obeyed and worshipped with prayers and offerings. There were many myths and legends about these gods and goddesses. For the Sumerians and their neighbors, the main purpose conveyed by religion was that human beings were meant to serve the gods and follow their divine orders.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The oldest habitation in Anatolia dates to this age (Paleolithic Period); it is Yarımburgaz Cave near Küçükçekmece Lake (İstanbul).

Yanıt Açıklaması: i. Egyptian   ii. Hittite v. Japanese  are among monocultural autonomous civilisations?

Yanıt Açıklaması: The first autonomous civilization was the Mesopotamian Civilization (including Sumerian), which emerged in the valley of Euphrates-Tigris rivers in the Middle East, about 4,000 BCE. In the Far-East, the first autonomous civilizations rose inland: Indus (Harrapan) about 2,500 BCE, and Sinic about 2,000 BCE. In Africa, the initial civilization was the Beriberi-Carthaginian Civilization around 600 BCE. In South America, early autonomous civilizations included the Andean Civilization that emerged about 1500 BCE. In Central America, the first autonomous civilization was the Mesoamerican Civilization which rose about 1000 BCE. Both civilizations fell about 1600 AD. The correct answer is E.