Polıtıcal Thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: Marx accepted and adopted the dialectic as the essential logic of history. But, he did not accept the metaphysical assumptions of Hegel. Like Hegel, Marx also considered the dialectic as a means of accomplishing historical progress through struggle; yet he changed it since, for Marx, it was materialism which inspired the dialectic, not spiritualism. Marx claimed that the dialectic was a conflict among worldly interests, and ideas were the results of such conflict.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Enlightenment Thought, born in the Eighteenth Century, shows a characteristic that places the reason at center. It can be said that the Enlightenment was symbolically a period beginning with the English Revolution of 1688 and reaching the peak by the French Revolution of 1789.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Criminal justice, social justice

Yanıt Açıklaması: Individual responsibility and entitlement

Yanıt Açıklaması: Avicenna believes that the prophet acquires knowledge but this acquisition “is not an uncritical reception [of this knowledge] merely on authority, but rather occurs in an order which includes the middle terms (reasoning). For beliefs accepted on authority concerning those things which are known only through their causes possess no intellectual certainty.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Scottish Enlightenment has some basic assumptions, such as spontaneous order and market economy. This is the most important difference of the Scottish Enlightenment from the French Enlightenment thought.

Yanıt Açıklaması: POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE 19th CENTURY The Nineteenth Century is a time of radical changes in the political arena. Under the influence of the revolutions of the previous century, a new state formation called “nation-state” began to rise in different parts of the world. The nation-state model that takes its legitimacy from governing of people has spread to different parts of the world after the French Revolution. Thus, the concept of “national sovereignty” emerged. It is also seen that democracies have also increased in the same period.  In the same period, slavery was abolished and people’s understanding of equality was deepened.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Eighteenth Century is commonly referred to as the “Age of Enlightenment” in terms of the history of political thought. Indeed, rational thinking based on the Enlightenment movement portrayed the main characteristic of this century.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Jean Jaques Rousseau Montesquieu Immanuel Kant David Hume All of these lived in the 18th century

Yanıt Açıklaması: The scheme presented by Plato portrays a static societal structure. Indeed, he was aware of the fact that ordinary states cannot achieve all these virtues and thus turn into a just organisation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The main question of Dworkin’s perspective about the equality in resource ownership is about why society should keep compensating undesired outcomes emerging due to individuals’ own choices.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The fact that a person is not a mature person refers to the need for others to make decisions. According to Kant, this is the direct human guilt since those who do not use the mind will always be open to the guidance of others. In other words, a person cannot be free and will be under the guardianship of others. Kant, however, opposed the idea that the reason was the only way to bring humanity to reality. On the contrary, the reason is not exempt from critical thinking. On the other hand, according to Kant, the individual does not have an area of unlimited freedom. The individual has a certain moral obligation and must use his freedoms in this frame. Freedom has two different meanings as “private” and “public”. People can use their freedom as they wish. On the other hand, the unlimited freedom of people in the private sphere cannot be mentioned. According to Kant, the private sphere represents the obligations of people to other constituents of society and to political power. In this regard, an officer cannot criticize his superior or oppose a military commander.

Yanıt Açıklaması: :All the ideas given in the question were supported by Leo Tolstoy. Tolstoy is regarded as one of the greatest anarchists, particularly within the Christian Anarchism. The law of God was superior to the law of men. According to Tolstoy, the basis of political power was physical violence. He criticized the fraud of government, the immortality of patriotism and the danger of militarism. Accordingly, the state was a consequence of the execution of the power of the strong over the weak. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Locke, property is a natural right. His initial idea is that everything in the world is the common property of everyone. His basic premise on property is that it is in every individual’s self: In its strict sense, property is the labor an individual produce by its own force and skills.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The group that Machiavelli mainly addresses in The Prince is the one who seizes and maintains power by force of arms and their skills. Machiavelli says very little in his work titled The Prince about for which reason or for which purpose princes wish to come to power, but the work is full of advice about the means that can be used in policy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Marx's surplus value theory adopts Ricardo's iron law of wages. The correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Stirner

Yanıt Açıklaması: Re-conceptualisation of the issue of power

Yanıt Açıklaması: With Proudhon and Tolstoy, Godwin objected to the use of violence. A İs the correct answer.