Polıtıcal Thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are three principles of sovereignty for Bodin as given below. 1. Sovereignty is continuous because beyond the changing governments, the society remains the same. The continuity of sovereignty results from the idea of continuity of political society. 2. The continuous power makes law for the subjects, changes the law, makes the new one. The sovereign governor is not subject to the law. 3. Sovereignty, above all, is the power to make laws for everyone generally, and specifically and to change laws.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Christianity is agreed to be indifferent to matters of slavery; which is also compatible with the Ancient Greek thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: Anarchy is typically defined as a society without state. The correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Nozick’s theory of entitlement primarily focuses on individuals’ holding of private properties and is established on three principles as follows: • If a person acquires a holding in accordance with justice, then this person is entitled to this holding. • If a holding transferred to a person from someone else entitled this holding before and, thus, acquired by this person in accordance with justice, then this person is entitled to this holding. • Anyone is entitled to a holding unless the implications of principle one and two.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is option D. The institutions of superstructure serve not to the subject class but to the ruling class and they function as tools for the ruling class domination.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Individuals in the natural state make a social contract to protect their properties as Locke call their lives, freedoms and possessions, and prefer a society with a political power for their security. According to Locke, the reasons of transition from natural state to political society are as follows: 1. The lack of a situated and commonly recognized law of common consent to refer in case of conflicts. 2. The lack of a common authority which can make decisions based on such a law. 3. The lack of an authority (jurisdiction) to exercise a punishment as a result of a rightful decision (Ağaoğulları, 2016: 493-494).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves. The correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Because of human selfishness, diverse wishes and aspirations, emergence of new tastes, and human craving for luxuries, Hume believed that the first form of societal organization could not have been achieved. Therefore, he asserted a second system of social order in which he supported the continuity of the private property that was protected by the legal order which was assigned with a duty of distributing the properties based on the overall interest of the public. However, in this system, it would have been impossible to prevent inequalities that quite possibly would emerge because of humans’ unequal capacities, talents or conditions. On the other hand, if the private property was prevented, the incentive to work would be lost and society would face with a danger of falling into the extreme poverty.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The roots of dialectical materialism lie in the dialectic method of Hegel, who developed a theory of history focusing on change.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Thomas More is mostly known as the author of the book titled Utopia (1516). He is also known to have been a lawyer, a politician, a diplomat, one of the leading figures of the Northern European Renaissance and later one of the advocates of the established belief in his age.

Yanıt Açıklaması: First, the working conditions were very heavy in the 19th Century and work itself became a form of persecution for workers rather than a joyful process of the self creation. Work under these conditions was physically disturbing and did not provide mental satisfaction. But, they had to work to earn their livings. Therefore, they became alienated from their own selves. Second, workers became a part, a gear of the machine they operate. They worked even without knowing what exactly they were producing, because they were deprived of the information about the whole process of production. The labor of the worker was taken away from him/her and was transformed to an external entity. The physical, objectified form of their labor was the product, and these products were used to exploit them further by capitalists. Workers did not work to produce for their needs; they worked to produce commodities which will be sold for profit of the capitalist. Therefore, they became alienated to their labor and to the products they produced. Third, working under these conditions, workers were also alienated to their species, their population, and their fellows. They only felt free in their spare time and were encouraged to be interested in their selves. In addition, the population of the industrial society was divided into two groups, one of which lived in physical comfort and was able to participate in creative actions freely whilst the other was degraded to a lower category who had to work under poor, dirty and severe conditions of the 19th Century factories.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Modernity is a process that has been started in the West since the 16th century and it has undergone a radical transformation of political, social and economic institutions. Modernity is considered to be based on three major cycles. The scientific revolution has changed the ways in which knowledge is achieved, and it brings the reason to the fore. The industrial revolution and economic relations have changed. Political revolutions have ensured that the source of legitimacy of power is the “people”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Both in classical and contemporary ages, the ideaof social justice is discussed in relation to various concepts such as rights, desert, merit, rule, covenant, consent, free-will, freedom, fairness, choice, well-being, poverty, inequality and so forth. The idea of justice that can be traced back to the ancient world is seen as a virtue of man and society in ancient Greek philosophy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Hayek, in a society of a free humans, the concept of social justice is strictly empty or meaningless. A is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hobbes adds seventeen more to these two basic laws of nature and reaches to nineteen natural laws. Security, according to Hobbes, cannot be attained by natural law. “For the laws of nature – enjoining justice, fairness, modesty, mercy, and (in short) treating others as we want them to treat us – are in themselves contrary to our natural passions, unless some power frightens us into observing them. In the absence of such power, our natural passions carry us to partiality, pride, revenge, and the like. And covenants without the sword are merely words, with no strength to secure a man at all”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Locke’s departs from the characteristics of human being and of the natural life to construct his political thought. In this thought, human individual is not created to live alone: s/he has to live in a society. The first society is constituted of the relationship between women and men. The society of parents and children follows the former, and the society of masters and slaves comes. These societies, however, differ from political societies in their aims and the responsibilities of their members. Human being, as a social being, is naturally equal and free. Locke claims that reason in the natural state teach all individuals that they are equal and free, and that they must not harm each other’s freedom, life, welfare and property. Individuals are also a part of God’s creation, and God directs them to good. Human beings, differently from any other animals, have reason and conscience. Human nature, therefore, is a virtuous combination of many elements, potentially: Moral, reasonable, egoist, and social elements.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bodin defines the state as the administration of various family members and their common properties stem from the dominant power. Bodin does not discuss the state only at the level of political events like Machiavelli, but the state is a legitimate institution in accordance with the law and is not a stranger to values such as goodness, happiness, and order. The state’s sovereignty that ensures the unity and integrity of the political society is the foundation that makes the state as it is. Sovereignty is an absolute and continuous power (Goze, 2017: 141) 1) Here are three principles of sovereignty for Bodin as given below. Sovereignty is continuous because beyond the changing governments, the society remains the same. The continuity of sovereignty results from the idea of continuity of political society. The continuous power makes law for the subjects, changes the law, makes the new one. The sovereign governor is not subject to the law. Sovereignty, above all, is the power to make laws for everyone generally, and specifically and to change laws (Goze, 2017: 141).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Locke sets some limits to property: The limit of needs: We must leave enough, and as good, to those who need it. The limit of spoilage and destruction: God does not give the world and its possessions to us to spoil or destruct them. These are supplied to meet the need of individuals. Individuals should not possess more than they need. The limit of labor: Ad individual can only possess what he contributed his labor for. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Honneth argues that the recognition is the primary element of justice, due to new social movements. The corrects answer is choice A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is E.