Polıtıcal Thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is option D. Mikhail Bakunin is among the Revolutionary Anarchists and he is known as the founder of collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: I. The power is held in the hands of an elite minority. III. Rights and opportunities are not provided in order to help workers gain more freedom. IV. Issues such as universal right to vote, individual rights, prospective benefits of communal political action are taught.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Martin Luther lit the fuse of the Reformation movement. On October 31, 1517, he posted The Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the church of Wittenberg Palace. These theses had social and political demands as much as theological ones. These demands had three main consequences. 1. Catholic world was divided 2. The churches were brought under the control of the states. 3. The bourgeoisie used these demands as a weapon against its opponents such as aristocracy and the Roman Catholic Church. (Ağaoğulları et al., 2016).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Especially in popular culture, anarchy is superficially understood as chaos, disorder, the collapse of order, confusion due to lack of state, or violent disorder. However, these are not the aims of anarchists. Indeed, anarchists consider the opposite would occur in the absence of state. All of the anarchists advocate that government is an obstacle that hinders human flourishing and progress. They all think that state should be totally or partly eliminated, but they have differences of opinion on the strategies. Yet no anarchist totally defends anarchy, because the most important form of government, that is, individuals’ self-governing will remain (Baradat, 1991, p.127). Some anarchists claim that all institutional governments must be eliminated for individuals to govern themselves. However, some others do not regard local level administration such as villages, communes, syndicates as obstructive structures. For them, abolishment of national states is enough. In short, anarchism is the expression of purest individualism and democracy, because it depends on the self-government of the individuals (Baradat,1991).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The functioning of the economy occurs spontaneously in the direction of supply and demand. Adam Smith, in his wellknown definition, described this situation with the metaphor of “invisible hand”. It determines the processes such as investment, production and distribution, supply and demand. Prices are also in line with the market’s own parameters.

Yanıt Açıklaması: I, II

Yanıt Açıklaması: Absence of moral dimension in Hobbes’ justice perception was noticed by Scottish philosopher David Hume who broadened Hobbes’ approach to the idea of justice in his book called A Treatise of Human Nature. The correct answer is choice B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Martin Luther lit the fuse of the Reformation movement. On October 31, 1517, he posted The Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the church of Wittenberg Palace. These theses had social and political demands as much as theological ones. These demands had three main consequences. 1. Catholic world was divided. 2. The churches were brought under the control of the states. 3. The bourgeoisie used these these demands as a weapon against its opponents such as aristocracy and the Roman Catholic Church.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The characteristics that should be possessed by the ruler/Imam/Caliph, or by the philosopher-king, on Averroe¨s’ view, are as follows: 1. Love of knowledge and the aptitude to acquire theoretical sciences and teach them, 2. Good retention-as a prerequisite for learning, 3. Love of learning, 4. Love of truth and hatred of falsehood, 5. Contempt for sensual pleasures, 6. Aversion to amassing wealth (as well as desire for wealth), 7. Magnanimity, 8. Courage, 9. Resolve to pursue on his own for what is good or beautiful, 10. Eloquence/facility in expressing thoughts, 11. Ability to light quickly on the middle term

Yanıt Açıklaması: As a religious faction, the reformation movement took place in the early 1500s in Europe. It emerged as a political, intellectual and religious reaction to the established religious tradition of Catholicism of the Medieval era and demanded a return to the basic principles of Christianity. As the movement, became popular and had a great deal of support from the public particularly in Germany during the 1520s, it was able to establish its own church. These reformation movements regarded themselves as the ones serving for “the action of the gospel” and reconstructing, restoring and reforming the original religion. In other words, what they aimed was a return to the uncontaminated core source of spiritual Christianity without adding anything in an undegenerated situation (Balckwell’s Encyclopedia of Political Thought, 222).

Yanıt Açıklaması: His philosophy springs from empiricism. His ethical ideas stem from the idea of utility, but he also minds sympathy. His political ideas are entirely conservative (Touchard, 2015: 430). His theory of passions attempts to determine the limits of mind, emotions and will of an individual. He attributes importance to passions in order to understand human nature, accepts that passions determine human behavior, and does not take passions in a negative sense. Passions can be observed and explained, according to Hume. Reason is (and should be) the slave of passions. It cannot act independently from passions; it has to obey them. Reason and passions have various functions; they cannot be opposed to each other. Reason, by itself, cannot constitute the means of motivation, but it can help distinguishing between the good and the bad about passions (Hume, as cited in Kırlı, 2013: 111).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The idea of enlightenment has also been influenced by a different outlook in England. The reason for the so-called Scottish Enlightenment in England is that the most important names in this movement are Scottish. Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and Thomas Reid are some of the most important figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The leading names of the French Enlightenment are Condillac, Diderot, D’Alembert, Helvetius, Turgot and Voltaire.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Materialism

Yanıt Açıklaması: Scottish philosopher David Hume paved the way toward the idea of utilitarianism. He is also known for his influence on the Western Philosophy, especially through the idea of empiricism, scepticism, and naturalism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dworkin rejects the idea of equality of welfare since it does not attain any responsibility to people in terms of their expensive tastes and, thus, compensates inequalities resulting from different preferences

Yanıt Açıklaması: The most obvious example of enlightenment is the pattern emerging in France. It can be said that the items related to the determinative properties of enlightenment, which we have listed above, are strongly expressed in the French Enlightenment. For example, the most prominent examples of the understanding of “the opposition to religion and tradition” that places the reason at center of the Enlightenment are encountered among the French Enlightenment thinkers.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves. B is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The three methods of persuasion are demonstrative, dialectical, and rhetorical—applying to different groups in the society: the first, to philosophers; the second, to theologians; and the third, to large masses. Thus, the correct answer is C.