Polıtıcal Thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: The model of society that More represents in Utopia is authoritarian, patriarchal, and hierarchical. There is a total economic equality. The elderly, husbands and fathers have respect and authority. Property is collective, there is no competition, and everyone works towards common interests (Blackwell Political Thought Encyclopedia, 1994). Utopia takes the Republic of Plato as an example in some ways. There is a longing for the past in this satire where there is an intense criticism of the economy of the business life. More’s understanding related to socially right depended on Plato’s analysis of society. According to this analysis, society is a system of classes that cooperate.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the utilitarian approach to the idea of social justice, a just society is associated with the perspective that the common interest of the society is taken as the prevailing criteria in decision, actions, or policies of the ruling authority.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The model of society that More represents in Utopia is authoritarian, patriarchal, and hierarchical. There is a total economic equality. The elderly, husbands and fathers have respect and authority. Property is collective, there is no competition , and everyone works towards common interests

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Cook (2006) Justice in everyday life is usually considered in relation to “the workings of police, courts, judiciary and related criminal agencies". The correct answer is choice A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Locke’s political thought is based on a basic metaphysical law that explains the political power and the administrative law (Timucin (2006). His epistemology privileges reason and empirical experience. He claims that human mind is a tabula rasa [blank slate]. All individuals have potential dispositions and capacities. In this context, Locke is a follower of Hobbes: He claims that ideas emerge from individual experiences that influence senses and actions emerge from these rational ideas (Tannenbaum, 2017: 224).

Yanıt Açıklaması: With the slogan “the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people”, utilitarianism considers justice in accordance with the aggregative interest of the society. Hence, it is considered as aggregative theory of justice. Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hume’s emphasis on the public utility as the focal point of justice in a society has led the emergence and spread of the utilitarian perspective in the literature of not only social justice, but also economics, administration, politics, law as well as diplomacy. A is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dworkin rejects the idea of equality of welfare since it does not attain any responsibility to people in terms of their expensive tastes and, thus, compensates inequalities resulting from different preferences.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There is a fundamental a conflict of interest between the two classes The ruling class owns and controls the means of production The ruling class exploits and oppresses the subject class The institutions of superstructure serve to the ruling class

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Enlightenment Thought, born in the Eighteenth Century, shows a characteristic that places the reason at center. It can be said that the Enlightenment was symbolically a period beginning with the English Revolution of 1688 and reaching the peak by the French Revolution of 1789. In earlier periods, though a “new” politics and society emerged, the thinkers did not take a complete stance against to the “old” one. However, in the process that started with the Enlightenment, almost everything about the old one became clearer. In this respect, the Enlightenment has risen over an anti-tradition.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The value that workers produce above their wages, which is at the survival level, is called surplus value that is appropriated by capitalists as their profit.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The correct option is A. The superstructure is one of the basic parts of the society and it is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. It is determined by the foundation of the society. The means of production, though, is one of the factors of the substructure. The means of production are the resources and technology that a society makes use of.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In his surplus value theory, Marx adopts Ricardo’s iron law of wages. C is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: -The most important figures of the German Enlightenment are thinkers like Leibniz, Thomasius, Christian Wolff. -One of the elements that allow the administrators to adopt the thesis of the German Enlightenment is that a thoughtful movement called “cameralism” is born in Germany before the Enlightenment. Cameralism has underpinned the richness of the state. -It can be said that the process called “modernization” started with the German Enlightenment. As mentioned earlier, the Enlightenment is one of the historical sections of the modernity spontaneously developed in the West. Modernization means that societies that do not live in the process of modernity are often directed to this process under the influence of political power. -Immanuel Kant is the most important name of the German Enlightenment idea. -The most important name of the Scottish Enlightenment is David Hume.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In earlier periods, though a“new” politics and society emerged, the thinkers did not take a complete stance against to the “old” one. However, in the process that started with the Enlightenment, almost everything about the old one became clearer. In this respect, the Enlightenment has risen over an anti-tradition. In other words, the thinkers of the Enlightenment have largely opposed traditional values of society, including religion. At the center of the idea of enlightenment is the concept of “reason”. According to Enlightenment thinkers, social and political projects must be explained with reason (Çiğdem, 2018, p.16). Any reference source that is not mindboggling is acceptable. Therefore, the Enlightenment period is also referred to as “Age of Reason”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Plato, in his famous opus, namely the Republic, focuses on “justice” as a central theme and discusses on the identification of justice through its relation to the concept “virtue”. He points out justice in this discussion as a “virtue of individual” that is different from the contemporary understanding of justice as “virtue of institutions”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Looking at the successors of Socrates, we can see an important ancient school of political thought that is usually pointed out as one of the oldest versions of egalitarianism: Cynicism. The word cynic, in fact, is from an ancient word used to imply dog. Cynics’ primitive life style was resembled to life of a dog and, therefore, the name of “cynic” was given them by their political opponents. Cynicism was a reactive movement against to the highly non-egalitarian society. The members of the movement were the lowest part of the society who was supported by the foreigners and exiles who were not given a right to citizenship. However, their egalitarian reaction to stratified society was not considerably successful in spreading among the poor. Cynics were a group that pursued happiness and, according to them, only virtuous people could be happy. Socrates was a good example for that. He was living simply and only trying to be virtuous, nothing else.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Plato was from an aristocratic family whose roots were believed to lie down to the God Poseidon. He was a successful Olympic sports player and also a poet. When he met with Socrates, he gave up sports and poem. He devoted his entire career to pursue of a good governance for Greece. But instead of going into politics, in 390 B.C. –when he was thirty-seven-, went to a trip for South Italy and Egypt. He also went to Syracuse based on the invitation of the King. He was the founder of Academia -the first academic institution of Europe-, where he taught his philosophy and political views. The institution was sponsored by some rich friends of Plato himself.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The great geographic discoveries then in process were integrating Europe into a world economic system. New commodities, many of them imported from recently discovered lands, enriched material life. Not only trade but also the production of goods increased as a result of new ways of organizing production. Merchants, entrepreneurs, and bankers accumulated and manipulated capital in unprecedented volume. Most historians locate in the 16th century the beginning, or at least the maturing, of Western capitalism. Capital assumed a major role not only in economic organization but also in political life and international relations. Culturally, new values—many of them associated with the Renaissance and Reformation—diffused through Europe and changed the ways in which people acted and the perspectives by which they viewed themselves and the world ( https://www . britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The emergence- of-modern-Europe-1500-1648).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Justice's aggregative