Polıtıcal Thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: Leo Tolstoy was a Pacifist Anarchist.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There is a fundamental contradiction, a conflict of interest between the two classes. C is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In Utopia, happiness of people is emphasized. According to More, happiness is not a singular thing, rather happiness is collective. And the way to reach happiness is through implementing the equality principle. More, therefore argues that equality cannot be ensured in a state where property is monopolized and absolute.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Montesquieu, in the southern countries, warm climate pushes people to be lazy. They do not like working and being disciplined. People living in these regions have problems with authority. For this reason, people living in the South cannot develop a regular and strong union. This includes political structures they build. They build weaker states. It is therefore much easier for states established in the South to be invaded. Similarly, it may be possible to enslave people living in the southern regions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Locke’s nature is defined by equality, freedom and rationality. Equality: Locke claims that each and every human individual is free, but he also sets some limits to this. Equality, according to him, is to have the equal rights for everyone to attain their own freedom, without being subject to any other’s will and authority. Freedom: Every individual has the right to make use of himself and his property in the way he wishes; however, he is not free to destroy himself or his property without a higher purpose than of its protection. The limits of freedom are determined by responsibilities derived from the natural law. Rationalism: Hobbes claims that equality and freedom direct us to rationalism. When human individuals are supposed to be rational, it means that they have the ability to make a contract.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The model of society that More represents in Utopia is authoritarian, patriarchal, and hierarchical. There is a total economic equality. The elderly, husbands and fathers have respect and authority. Property is collective, there is no competition, and everyone works towards common interests. Utopia takes the Republic of Plato as an example in some ways. There is a longing for the past in this satire where there is an intense criticism of the economy of the business life. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The responsibility of the ruler(s), for the materialization of justice, is making ethical codes set forth through fıqh applicable in public space, via incentive and deterrent executions of law (Ibn Khaldûn, 1958-I:262-263).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The libertarian view puts forward its own conceptualization on social justice around individual responsibility and entitlement towards acquiring, transferring and holding private property, which all of them illustrate an approach of social justice in terms of individual’s merit and desert. It rejects the intervention to the spontaneous order of market that is assumed to work so as to distribute all desired and undesired goods perfectly just on its own. The main characteristic of just society is considered as the one in which everyone is equally entitled to the rights of acquisition, transfer and holding private properties. If a person earns much more than others through drawing on such equal rights, this is a legitimate inequality since all of them were equal at the beginning of the process in being entitled to these rights.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Godwin is commonly accepted as the founder of modern anarchism. B is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: What Utopia is mainly concerned with is the happiness of people. According to More, happiness is not a singular thing. Happiness has a collective characteristic. The way to reach happiness is through implementing the equality principle. According to More, equality cannot be ensured in a state where property is monopolized and absolute. Thus, eliminating the ownership of property is the only way to distribute the wealth of the country equally and fairly and to make people happy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bodin’s preference for the best form of government is monarchy. Bodin bases his preference for monarchy on three basic reasons. 1. By stating that all-natural laws lead us to monarchy, he claims that monarchy is the most appropriate form of state to nature. 2. He expresses that the talented people in the country could come into prominence only in the monarchy. 3. He asserts that the fact that sovereignty that is absolute, indivisible and continuous, can only take place in the form of monarchy (Ağaoğulları et al., 2016).

Yanıt Açıklaması: At this very point, in order to name 16th century capitalism as commercial capitalism, it is necessary to get into the further stages leading to industrial capitalism (Beaud, 2003:31). The issue that Smith and Marx named as exchange value increasingly gained importance in the 15th century. Money in the 16th century was yet away from going beyond a thing that met humans’ needs. It became a value for exchange of goods for new capitalist class and a means of making a living for masses (Harman, 2009:184). Cities were in the front line of a new economic growth as in printing and shipping in the middle of the 15th century (Harman, 2009). The effect of technical change and new market relations within feudalism led to a duality in economic and political relations, in which ways of capitalist and feudal behaviors and thoughts embraced as well as conflicted with each other (Harman, 2009). Thus, absolute monarchy already became a widespread form of government in the Western Europe in the early years of the 16th century. The absolute monarchy was a combination of blood and iron depending clearly on force to a great extend (Sabine 1969:3). Church, which was one of the most important institutions of the Middle Age, became the victim of social forces, on which the absolute monarchy depended. Church administrators increasingly came under the rule of the kingdoms, and in the end the legal authority of the church disappeared.

Yanıt Açıklaması: All anarchists adopt a leftist ideology and aim for the total elimination of state and the collapse of order.

Yanıt Açıklaması: While for anarchists, the revolution is the overthrown of the state, for maxists, the revolution is the overthrown of capitalism. Thus, the idea in I is not shared by both groups. For Marxists, organization and political leadership are necessary for working class whereas for anarchists, political leadership is a source of oppression such as state itself. So, this idea is not shared by both groups. But the rest of the options, i.e. II and IV are the ideas shared by both Marxists and Anarchists. So, the correct answer is option E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Enlightenment, defined as “out of darkness” in almost all languages, is a thoughtful current in the center of the mind. Enlightenment refers to the rational and scientific reorganization of political and social relations, in a manner appropriate to the conditions of the new era, as seen by modernity.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The leading names of the French Enlightenment are Condillac, Diderot, D’Alembert, Helvetius, Turgot and Voltaire. Thinkers such as Rousseau and Montesquieu also contributed to the Encyclopedia. However, these names with their original theories cannot be attached directly as members of the Enlightenment. It can be said that some of Montesquieu and Rousseau’s theses have a certain critique of the Enlightenment.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Different from the utilitarian model of social justice that advocates giving priority to the aggregative interests of society, the libertarian model of social justice highlights importance of certain inalienable rights of individual, such as earning and holding the private property. Thus, E is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Capability approach

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Machiavelli, the main means of The Prince is violence. A prince who wants to hold power should not have any other purpose or thought than war. Machiavelli distinguishes between the violence that is applied rightly and cruelties that are applied wrongly when a prince is coming to the power. However, this definition is not based entirely on a moral basis, and for him, it is an appropriate behavior for a prince to resort to violence intensely at a time in order to secure himself against threats.

Yanıt Açıklaması: William Godwin is commonly accepted as the founder of modern anarchism. The correct option is E.