Polıtıcal Thought

Yanıt Açıklaması: Christianity is agreed to be indifferent to matters of slavery; which is also compatible with the Ancient Greek thought. The following quotations from the different parts of The New Testament show that slavery is not considered a big social problem in the eyes of Christianity. Moreover, Christianity advises slaves to be obedient to their masters, regardless of whether they are good or evil: “…Let every man abide in the same calling in which he was called. Wast thou called, being a bondman? care not for it … For he that is called in the Lord, being a bondman, is the freeman of the Lord. Likewise he that is called, being free, is the bondman of Christ…” (Corinthians 7: 20–22).

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Aristotle, Monarchy is the government of a single person who aims the common good Aristocracy is the government of a minority group who aims the common good Tyranny is the government of a single person who targets the interests of single person Oligarchy is the government of a minority group who aims the interests of the rich Politeia is the government of the majority of the people which aims the common good

Yanıt Açıklaması: Looking at the successors of Socrates, we can see an important ancient school of political thought that is usually pointed out as one of the oldest versions of egalitarianism: Cynicism. The word cynic, in fact, is from an ancient word used to imply dog. Cynics’ primitive life style was resembled to life of a dog and, therefore, the name of “cynic” was given them by their political opponents. Cynicism was a reactive movement against to the highly non-egalitarian society. The members of the movement were the lowest part of the society who was supported by the foreigners and exiles who were not given a right to citizenship. However, their egalitarian reaction to stratified society was not considerably successful in spreading among the poor.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Christian theologians of late antiquity are referred to as the Fathers of the Church. The most influential of them in medieval Europe was Augustine; others included Ambrose, Cyprian, and Gregory.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ibn Khaldûn argues that “what is subject to life span is the sedentary culture as the product of ‘umrân , rather than ‘umrân itself."

Yanıt Açıklaması: Canon law (ius canonicum) refers to the body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government of both the whole church and parts thereof and of the behaviour and actions of individuals. In a wider sense, the term includes precepts of divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the canonical collections and codes.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Relying on aforementioned background information, we can notice that power inevitably refers to the use of force in relational terms. It cannot be limited to political affairs and can even be observed within small groups, between two people as well as between institutions and organizations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Since the formation of the first social groups, human beings have always been in need to reflect upon three issues concerning the politics: Power and authority, the way rulers should act/decide and how the system of ruling should be formed, revised or challenged. First systematic reflections on both how to govern and organize the society and the effects of particular policies can be traced back to the Ancient Greece. This is not to underestimate the contributions of the Ancient Chinese political thought, which was based on multilayered aphorisms on ethical conduct , or Hindu political speculation, which produced influential expressions of commitment to the political order in a rather didactic form.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The term “Fall” refers in Ockhamin common with the Christian tradition-to the situation of human beings sent to earth by God due to the original sin (that of Adam’s).

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is a presupposition without any further discussion, too, that the medieval thought includes the “prescholastic”, “scholastic” and “late scholastic” periods.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Averroës, different from Al-Fârâbî, evaluates the relationship between philosophers and nonphilosophers as static.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In ancient Rome, the elderly and the prominent members of the society, most of who were actual members of the Senate were thought to haveauctoritas. The term implied that their words were to be trusted and they should be respected. The word authority comes from auctoritas and can be defined as legitimate power.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Related with the social side of religion, Avicenna added a fourth tract to practical philosophy (in addition to ethics, household management, and politics), which he called “the discipline of legislating”. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The discipline of legislating was added by Avicenna as a fourth tract to practical philosophy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A particular set of actions of a government to avoid the deepening of inequality may not lead to the loss of the legitimacy if the justice prevails. This issue also relates to the conceptions of desert and right. Desert mainly refers to deserving or aspiring something, either good or bad. In line with the term’s definition, the desert-centered conception of justice can be roughly considered as a conception of system in which people are entitled only to get what they deserve to.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the Straussian approach regarding with the political thought, universal human condition must be evaluated autonomously. According to this approach, various elements in political thought such as time and place are degenerating accompaniments for the abstract and clear form.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In political thought, as well as in metaphysics, Avicenna followed the path built by his predecessor, Al-Fa^ra^bi^. For Al-Fa^ra^bi^, the conditions for ideal rule are mostly related with the functions of the soul and the intellect. Avicenna thoroughly studied the soul in its totality and in all its functions, whether rational, animal, or vegetative. He charted the operations of all the senses in detail, including the five external senses and especially the five internal senses located in the brain-namely, common sense, imagery (where the forms of things are stored), imagination, estimation (judging/guessing the imperceptible significance or connotations for us of sensed objects, like friendship and enmity, which also includes instinctive sensing), and memory-and how they could help or prevent or slow down the intellect in finding out the middle term and perceiving intelligibles more generally.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Avicenna is considered to be a descendant of Alfarabi as he continued the Neoplatoic emanationist scheme of existence. In contrast with the classical Muslim theologians,  and argued that cosmos has no beginning but is a natural logical product of the divine One; which would later be attacked by Al-Ghazâlî. The superabundant, pure Good- i.e. the One cannot fail to produce an ordered and good cosmos that does not succeed him in time. The cosmos succeeds God merely in logical order and in existence (Rizvi, n.d.).

Yanıt Açıklaması: In The Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldûn states that “development could not be provided without justice” and that wealth, which is necessary for the survival of people, cannot be acquired in the absence of development.

Yanıt Açıklaması: We cannot see or consider Saint Augustine’s thought as a philosophy of “black and white”, of a sharp and clear opposition between the forces of light and the forces of darkness-like the Manichean philosophy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Since the formation can be understood as a material form gaining process, we can comprehend a formation through influencing factors: material causes, formal causes, effective causes, and targetoriented causes. Aristotle said that target-oriented (teleological) causes were the ones that provide a competent form to the formation. Thus, if we reveal the targets of formations, then we can achieve a true comprehension. That is to say, in order to understand the things, one should consider the form, rather than the material. For instance, target of an acorn is to be an oak tree.