Introduction to Sociology

Yanıt Açıklaması: The state is an equipped political organization (government) whose goal is to restore social order, justice and benefit of society; relying on resident human population (folk) in a particular piece of land (country), and has the ultimate legitimate control (authority).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. Hence, D is the corect answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Max Weber distinguishes 3 types of authority: I. Traditional authority II. Charismatic authority III. Rational-legal authority

Yanıt Açıklaması: The state is an equipped political organization. It has goals like restoring social order, justice and sustain the benefits of society. It relies on resident human population in a particular piece of land, and has the ultimate legitimate control on them. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: We can point out three different systems where pre-industrial economic and social relations are dominant and powerful in arranging people’s everyday practices as well as relations that they develop when they encounter with various social institutions of society. These are slavery system, caste system and feudal system.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are only two types of mobility which are downward and upward. The worker seems to have moved downward by getting a job as a cleaner and therefore the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The theory developed by Ralf Dahrendorf (1929-2009) stands out among these conflict theories. he was not one of the pioneers of Critical Theory.

Yanıt Açıklaması: This phrase draws the readers’ attention to the limits of personal wishes and demands. Thus, Durkheim’s collective consciousness would be the most proper tool to interpret this phrase. Durkheim defines collective conscience as the common beliefs and feelings of the members of a society. Collective consciousness - that forms the basis of a central value and norm system- guides individuals about how to behave in social life by shaping individual consciousness. In addition, it functions as a social control mechanism over the unlimited wishes and demands of individuals. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Just like Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte also examines “society” within an evolutionist and positivist framework. Saint-Simon contributed to the development of sociology with his studies, and Comte used the term “sociology” for the first time and established a tradition known as positivist sociology. Thus, he is agreed to be the founder of sociology by some researchers in the field. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: 'A social institution is a socially organized social behavior pattern that reflects the established appearance of the society, which are continuously repeated, maintained and approved by the social norms' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dramaturgy theory simulates social life as a theatre.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Durkheim, society is similar to a biological organism consisting of components having different functions to form a unity. He emphasizes that society has sanction power on individuals through social facts . For Durkheim, social facts have important functions in maintaining the continuity of societies. In this respect, even crime and punishment are functional facts to determine the limits of socially acceptable behaviors. Also, he believed that collective consciousness forms the basis of a central value and norm system that unites the parts in a social organism. Besides, he thought that moral consensus or social ethics, which is based on collective consciousness, is closely related to religion, and religion is one of the most important facts that shape social solidarity. On the other hand, that when conflicts in capitalism increase, socialism, which is a classless society stage, will prevail is one of Marx's claims. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Durheim adopted a point of view called functionalism and greatly contributed to the development of structural functionalism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The ideas suggested by George Lukacs (1885-1971) and Antonio Gramsci (1891- 1937), who are among the most influential neo Marxist theoreticians and also known as Hegelian Marxists, are quite significant.

Yanıt Açıklaması: E

Yanıt Açıklaması: Fascism refers to parties, ideologies, or states that either advocate or embody a typically terroristic domination of a fused state apparatus, within which there is no separation of powers or rule of law, by a single party infused with a frequently racist and always nationalist petit bourgeois ideology. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Conflict theories emphasize the importance of social structures in societies; however, unlike functionalism, which focuses on the consensus, they focus on power, social divisions, inequality and struggle among different groups pursuing their own interests. Unlike functionalism, these theories introduce a social analyses that emphasize conflict. The vast majority of conflict theories argue that conflict is inevitable and continues. Therefore, there is always a change in the society. On the other hand, since functionalist sociologists deal with society as a functional unity, they are mainly interested in order, balance, harmony, stability and collaboration. Critical theorists have argued that the problem of modernity is not just the injustices and inequalities of the capitalist system, but that all modern societies are organized by instrumental rationality. On the other hand, Parsons argues in his structural-functional approach that social order stems from value consensus rather than obligation. Parsons states that what prevents society from collapsing is order , i.e how a system operates and there are certain functional obligations that needs to be fulfilled to ensure the operation of the system and each system has its sub-systems that fulfill these functions. Thus, the mutual benefit is in the centre of this approach. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Functionalism has an important place in modern sociology and was initially influenced by Durkheim’s works in sociology in the 19th Century. In other words, functionalism adopted a positivist social science mentality while examining social life. In its analysis, functionalism presents an evolutionary theory of social transformation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Weber criticizes positivism and disagrees with Marx in many issues. Influenced by Kantian philosophy, Weber criticized Marx because he focused on economic factors as the determinant factors of social transformation.

Yanıt Açıklaması: “Neoliberalism amounts to a form of market fundamentalism. The market is seen to be morally and practically superior to government and any form of political control”. Thus, the correct answer is Neoliberalism.