Introduction to Sociology

Yanıt Açıklaması: Protestant ethic was written by Max Weber and became famous for his explanation of the emergence of Capitalism in the West through asceticism principle of the Protestant ethic.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The emphasis they put on the culture-bound values is the most important attribute of the functionalist approach .

Yanıt Açıklaması: "Culture is a system of meanings and significance created historically, or, in other words, culture is a system of beliefs and customs that a group of people use in order to understand, organize, and structure their individual and collective lives. It is a way of understanding and organizing human life.” (Parekh, 2002: 184). The correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the Social Control approach, when the young people’s commitment to moral values and order get weaker, they turn into criminals by means of neutralization techniques. These techniques are as follows: (A) Denial of responsibility: Anyone with a certain background commits a crime. (B) Refusing to harm somebody else: Considering the car theft only as borrowing, thinking that such behaviors as skipping school or substance abuse is not harmful to anyone. (C) Adopting the understanding that the individuals commit crimes, because the society is corrupted. The commitment to criminal groups or gangs gets ahead of commitment to social values. The correct answer is Choice B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Murdock, a functionalist anthropologist, examined 250 societies in a wide range including both hunting and gathering societies and industrial societies. He concluded that a form of family exists in every society, thus the family is a universal social institution. For Murdock, the family is “a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Tradition refers to a practice that comes from the past and is repeated from generation to generation. In other words, it is a set of social practices related to rituals or other forms of symbolic behavior, which are persistent with a real or imaginary past and are widely adopted. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The anomie that Durkheim has described refers to a state of normlessness and irregularity that arises in periods of social changes and irregularities, in the event that the social order deteriorates or fails to operate. On the other hand , moral rules, fashion rules, religious rules, manners and customs along with legal rules comprise social norms . The correct answer is Choice A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Women’s labor power, women’s reproduction, women’s roles and women’s sexuality as well as women’s mobility are under patriarchal control in the patriarchal system. Therefore the  answer is E

Yanıt Açıklaması: Max Weber, who was one of the leading figures of sociology in its classical era and has still been frequently referred in various sociological work in our era, identified and frequently used various concepts such as bureaucracy, iron cage and ideal type in his analysis of society.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Patriarchy means the institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family,and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general. It implies that “men hold power in all the important institutions of society” and that “women are deprived of access to such power”. E is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: American Sociologists Roger Finke, Rodney Stark and Willams S. Bainbridge have attempted to develop a more comprehensive sociological perspective on religion. Their approach has heavily been influenced by the exchange theory that is based on the principle that all human interactions can be treated as a form of exchange. General view of exchange theory is used to explain for a wide range of specific forms of religion and in particular is applied to the understanding of the emergence and development of sects and cults.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the process of achieving a certain degree of social life; the values serve an important function in terms of determining which attitudes and behaviours are right or wrong, fair or unfair. It is possible to define social values as basic abstract principles or generalized moral beliefs that guide our attitudes and behaviours. Everything in the life of a society is perceived according to values. Values are the principles such as freedom and equality that define the ideal principles of what is desired and right in a society or group. Values might create conflict in the same way that they provide behavioural rules. For example, the debates on abortion are basically the debates on values. D is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sociologists define religion as a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide a sense of ultimate meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all encompassing the supernatural. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Matriarchy is the social organization based on female power. In matriarchal societies the head of the family is the mother. The answer is B

Yanıt Açıklaması: Unlike people depending on common sense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech. This means they make a clear distinction between untested personal claims and the statements corroborated by evidence. This is very important point because the trust to and credibility of scientific knowledge depends on the belief that scientists follow rules of responsible speech.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The function of law as a social concept can be listed as the following: Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships Resolves disputes Regulates the behaviors Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it Develops the living conditions Protects from external hazards Realizes the legal organization Guiding attitudes and shaping beliefs can be explained as part of values.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Marx, capitalist production system also causes an alienation of labour. In the production process, labour that creates the value (productive human power) cannot participate in any decision processes on the products to be produced and their amounts. In the result of the division of labour, labour deals only with a portion of work and it does not have any information about the whole product. Also, it has to purchase products that are created by its own work by paying money for them in the market. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The main interest of functional sociology has been culture as norms, values and a way of lifestyle rather than culture as high culture. Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of the functional approach, addressed some basic questions about how culture came into being in his work, Primitive Classification, written with Marcel Mauss, his nephew and the most important student. According to them, culture only became possible when human communities began to separate and classify things in their environment. Humankind cannot classify what they see when they are born and therefore cannot separate one from the other.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Norms are formal / written or informal / non-written rules that are deemed necessary for the integrity and continuity of a society, and regulate the behavior of individuals. Those who do not comply with the norms face negative sanctions and are punished in various forms. In this sense, D is the answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The characteristic named by Grotius as the “social appetite” leads people to live together and build societies and establish various relationships with each other.