Introduction to Sociology

Yanıt Açıklaması: All founding thinkers of the discipline, Marx, Weber, Comte, Durkheim, Spencer, Simmel, Luckmann focus on the changing role of religion in modern society. Contemporary sociologists such as Talcott Parsons, Robert N. Bellah, Peter Berger, Clifford Geertz, Mary Douglas, Niklas Luhmann, Thomas Luckmann and others have contributed to theoretical perspectives of the sociology of religion. As also understood from the information given, Talcott Parsons, Mary Douglas and Niklas Luhmann are among the ones who contributed to theoretical perspectives of the sociology of religion, so the correct answer is C. Auguste Comte and Max Weber focused on the changing role of religion in modern society.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Parsons claims that as a result of the transfer of the production function out of the family, the isolated nuclear family specialized on the socialization of children and the personal needs of the adult members.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Freud, religion develops from the need to ward off the horrors of nature; particularly the cruelty of death and also to compensate for the deprivations which culture imposes on the individual.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The phenomenological approach is particularly associated with the work of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. For Luckmann, it is not religious practices that have primary sociological significance but rather “symbolic universes” that are objectified meaning-systems that relate the experiences of everyday life to a transcendent layer of reality. Other systems of meaning do not point beyond the world of everyday life; in other words, they do not contain a transcendent reference. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Conflict theories have also macro characteristics just like the functionalist theory and focus on the social structure. In these approaches, the views that deviance is determined by factors such as biology, anomie, social disorder or labels are not accepted. The main argument of conflict theories, based on Marx’s thoughts, is that individuals are actively involved in deviant behaviors as a reaction to the inequalities of capitalist order and that the laws and other norms exist in order to protect the interests of strong members of society. For example, according to sociologist Richard Quinney, the criminal justice system serves the interests of dominant powers. Crime, according to Quinney, is a definition of conduct created by - such as legislators and law enforcement officers - in a politically organized society.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The collective nature of culture can mostly be observed in language. Language is an important part of culture. Within each language, the ideas, mentality and worldview specific to the community that uses this language are reflected. Thus, each culture forms its own unique. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The function of law as a social concept can be listed as the following: a. Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships b. Resolves disputes c. R egulates the behaviors d. Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it e. Develops the living conditions f. Protects from external hazards g. Realizes the legal organization

Yanıt Açıklaması: Feminists in general see the family as an institution in which patriarchal values are learned by individuals. They argue that sex and reproduction, the realms which are considered private, must be a part of political realm. Feminists also generally agree that although there are families that base on love and consent, many families are based on coercion and characterized by disagreements, even by domestic violence. Hence, A is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sociological Theories -Sociological theories related with deviance focus on the differences between criminals and normal individuals along with the social environment. - All behaviors, as well as deviance and harmonization are the product of a society. -Sociological theories provide important contributions to the understanding and prevention of deviation and criminal behavior.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sociology is a relatively new discipline. It basically emerged to examine the social and economic problems of transition from traditional society to modern society in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Early sociologists tried to examine what hold social groups together and also attempted to find a solution to the breakdown of social integrity. Among those sociologists, we can point out Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Karl Marx developed a theory called historical materialism , which had a great influence in the field. In this theory, which emphasizes the importance of economic factors rather than thoughts and values in social transformation and can be defined briefly as “embracing history from a materialist point of view”, Marx specifically focuses on production. According to Marx, some social relations called production relations develop among the people participating in the production process in order to produce their social lives in the historical process. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In Western familises; the rights of women and children are increasingly recognized. Single-parent families are increasing. The family size is declining and divorce incidence is increasing. But the influence of extended families and other kin groups is not increasing, it is declining. Correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Le Play recognized three main kinds of family, present in all parts of the world and in all ages of history. These are the patriarchal family, the unstable family and the stem family. Correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The main interest of functional sociology has been culture as norms, values and a way of lifestyle rather than culture as high culture. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), one of the founders of the functional approach, addressed some basic questions about how culture came into being in his work, Primitive Classification (1903), written with Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), his nephew and the most important student.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Endogamy is the practice of marrying only within a specific ethnic, social or religious group and rejecting people out of this group. The most common subcategory under endogamy is cousin marriages. A cousin marriage may be a parallel cousin or a cross cousin marriage. A parallel cousin is a cousin from the parent’s same sex sibling, like the child of the father’s brother or the child of the mother’s sister. A cross cousin is a cousin from the parent’s opposite sex sibling, like the child of the fathers’ sister or the child of the mother’s brother. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In his book titled, Towards a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Marx argues that man creates religion.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Primary Deviance: Primary Deviancerefers to the initial acts of crossing the boundaries. In most cases, these behaviors are “marginal” in terms of the person’s own identity. In some cases, however, normalization does not occur and a person is labeled as criminal or guilty. It consists of the actions which are performed before it is clearly defined and labeled as deviance by society. Primary deviation behaviors are relatively insignificant in terms of their outcomes and effects. Skipping school or drinking alcohol as a minor draws less reaction and creates less impact on the person’s definition of the self.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Murdock claims that universal functions of the family are (a) sexual (b) reproductive, (c) economic and (d) educational functions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Social conflict theory has always focused heavily on the differential distribution of resources as reflected in the socioeconomic class structure of society. Unlike functionalist theory, conflict theory sees order and harmony as superficial entities. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Option B is about unstable family.