Internatıonal Securıty

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union as well as between their respective allies from the end of the Second World War to 1989.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The concept of human security was first used in the 1994 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as “safety from chronic threats such as hunger, disease and repression, and protection from sudden and harmful disruptions in the patterns of daily life whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Security Dilemma is a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state’s security. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Type of Security Examples of Main Threats Economic security Persistent poverty, unemployment Food security Hunger, famine Health security Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care Environmental security Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution Personal security Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor Community security Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions Political security Political repression, human rights abuses

Yanıt Açıklaması: Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a norm based on states responsibility to protect their own citizens and the international community’s obligation to protect humans from serious violations such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Yanıt Açıklaması: OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry” (OPEC, 2018). The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Biodiversity refers to the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s (global, regional, and local) ecosystems.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Middle East, Latin America, the Arctic and the Pacific are critical geographical areas not only because they have almost four-fifths of fossil energy resources but also control the flow of energy, world trade routes, strategic straits, and maritime routes. Therefore, all the developments in these geographical areas affect the energy policies of nation states and energy markets in the world.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The argument that environmental change was a security issue pointed out for the first time in 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, which became popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit. The Earth Summit as the largest conference brought together more than a hundred state leaders and established the Commission on Sustainable Development, which provided the political basis for the concept of sustainable development. During the 1992 Rio Earth Summit conference, world leaders highlighted a number of environmental problems including biodiversity, the growing ozone hole, pollution, desertification, and climate change. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Finally, the army has three main roles in combating terrorism (Robertson, 2002): • anti terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems. • counter terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities. • result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities

Yanıt Açıklaması: Members of OPEC (as of March 2019): Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017), Congo (2018). Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Each member country has a permanent delegation at NATO’s political headquarters in Brussels. Each delegation is headed by an “ambassador,” who represents his/her government in the Alliance’s consultation and decision-making process. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals: are the judicial mechanisms that were established by the UN Security Council in the framework of Resolution 827 for the former Yugoslavia and Resolution 955 for Rwanda. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was created in Arusha, Tanzania to “prosecute persons responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and neighboring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994”. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was created to “deal with war crimes that took place during the conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s” The ICTR closed its doors in 2015.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Security dilemma: This concept refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. For example, in the Cold War era, developing nuclear weapons cause a security dilemma, which had almost resulted in a new world war in the early 1960s. This dilemma has been further manifested in the international arena with increasing military technologies, arms races, and deterrent national policies. In an attempt to solve this dilemma, nations resorted to such policies as arms control, disarmament, reduction or elimination of certain weapons as well as diplomatic efforts to reach a consensus on international security issues. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs or MDG 8) are a long -and medium- term (to be achieved by 2015) development agenda approved by the UN General Assembly in December 2000. Their purpose was to inject renewed urgency into global development efforts by establishing challenging targets in each of the key human development areas. Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Goal 5 Improve maternal health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development The correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Two problems of the atmosphere, namely the global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer, had long been debated among scientists. The ozone layer has two basic functions for filtering the ultraviolet rays of the sun and dissipating the atmosphere. The depletion of the ozone layer allows more harmful rays to reach Earth, resulting in more skin cancer, weakened immune systems, reduced plant yields, damage to ocean ecosystems, and climate change.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Waltz suggests that states behave in such a way that results in forming a balance. This tendency, in fact, owes much to the security dilemma. For Waltz, security is the most essential goal for states; however, increasing the national power, paradoxically, may not achieve this goal. It is basically a zero-sum game, the gain of one country is the loss of another . The division of gains may favor certain countries even in winning coalitions and, therefore, pose security challenges for other countries. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Today, groups or states employ yet another method to realize their political objectives: using some other states, groups or organizations instead of directly fighting with each other- which is called “proxy wars.” Proxy war may be defined as “conflicts in which a third party intervenes indirectly in order to influence the strategic outcome in favor of its preferred faction” (Mumford, 2013:40).

Yanıt Açıklaması: In response to the new international order, non-traditional challenges at the turn of the millennium, United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan advanced the idea of ‘human security’ that includes three basic freedoms: “freedom from fear, freedom from want, freedom to live in dignity.”