Internatıonal Securıty

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is possible to explain, analyze and understand the international security in six levels: • Individual level: Security for the individual. • Societal level: Security for the social group, i.e. ethnic, national, religious, linguistic, or community groups. • National level: Security for the state or nation. • Regional level: Security for the region, that is, a coherent security region. • International level: Security for the international society, the society of nations, and most states in the world. • Global level: Security for the planet Earth and space. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Critical Security Studies (CSS) is an umbrella term for a range of approaches which seek to challenge the orthodoxy of ‘traditional’ security studies. Critical approaches apply post-positivist perspectives such as critical theory and post-structuralism and change the referent object of security.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The traditionalist security approaches have the following features: First, they have mostly emphasized the military aspects of security as well as the concepts such as war, defense, strategy, and geopolitics. They have focused on the problem of national security and the nation-state. Second, the traditionalist security approaches mostly choose a narrow or mono-sectoral agenda and attach priority to one sector (military), one actor (the state), and one action (the use of force). Finally, the traditionalist security approaches have a statist perspective, which is based on a scientific and objectivist understanding of knowledge.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 is an example to give for the ancestors of peace operations before the League of Nations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The characteristics of armed conflicts have changed. Being called as the 4th generation of warfare, it has such distinctive features as follows: actors are generally non- state but state sponsored armed organizations and terrorist groups; socio-cultural structures have generally been on the target; the exploitation of high technological media assets is widespread; psychological operations have been wielded alongside armed attacks; the violence is protracted and committed by nontraditional means.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The rising role of regional organizations in peace operations could be attributed to several factors. First, they are very eager to take parts in this kind of operations to pursue their own interests. Secondly, their intervention is required because of suffering from high intensity of violence by varied actors and contagious transnational effects. Third, it is a response of the UN with a variety of related (sub) organizations by acknowledging local differences. Fourth, powerful donors have been needed in order to pursue peace operations effectively

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sovereignty means a central governing authority within a specified geographical territory.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Structural realism emphasizes four core elements of international politics: • States are seen as rational actors and by far the most important actors in the international system. • The international system is anarchic; there is no international authority that can prevent the use of force between states. • Each state cannot take its security for granted and thus, is responsible for ensuring its own survival, most notably through the nurturing of material capabilities. • The balance of power (the formation of alliances with certain states to counter the threat of other states) is the defining mechanism that regulates the international system and explains war and peace

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hard power is the ability of one actor (usually but not necessarily a state) to influence another through the use of threats or rewards, typically involving military ‘sticks’ or economic ‘carrots’.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The UN Transitional Administration in East Timor is an example of the fourth generation peacebuilding.

Yanıt Açıklaması: If the threat of an attack in imminent, does this justify the state to use force preemptively? This issue, which in the literature of International Relations is known as “preemptive strike” or “preventive strike,” is still controversial; however, the actual law is in conformity with the approach that the UN Charter should be interpreted rather narrowly.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The theory of national self-determination is “peoples” have a right to determine the shape of their association, including the political association.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Conflict intervention methods consist of the following: Conflict prevention, conflict management, conflict settlement, conflict resolution, conflict transformation, and conflict provention.

Yanıt Açıklaması: European Union (EU), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), African Union (AU), Organization of American States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Organization of AmericanStates(OAS),NATO and the World Bank are among the main contributors of peace operations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: From 1948 onwards the UN has established seventy-one peacekeeping missions in various geographies to address many different problems. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Type of Security Examples of Main Threats Economic Security Persistent poverty. Food Security Hunger, famine. Health Security Deadly infectious disease, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care. Environmental Security Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution. Personal Security Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor. Community Security Inter-ethnic, religious, and other identity-based tensions. Political Security Political repression, human rights abuses.

Yanıt Açıklaması: NATO expanded its operational field by Afghanistan in 2003 as well. It took over the operational responsibility of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission, called as Resolute Support (RS) in January 1st 2015.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The EU also constituted European Gendarmerie Force (EUROGENDFOR) in 2004 as a Multinational Law Enforcement Force to participate in the stabilization of crisis and conflict areas outside the EU. It currently operates in five countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Mali, Afghanistan, and Central African Republic (European Gendarmerie Force, 2018).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The stress on interdependence that is basic to commercial liberalism has been further developed by neoliberals into what Keohane and Nye (1977) called complex interdependence. Complex interdependence reflects the extent to which peoples and governments in the modern world are affected by what happens elsewhere, and particularly by the actions of their counterparts in other countries. This applies not only in the economic realm, through the advance of globalization, but is also evident in relation to a range of other issues, including climate change, development and poverty reduction, and human rights.