Internatıonal Securıty

Yanıt Açıklaması: Preventive deployment is a new concept for the UN. It was first advocated by the Secretary-General in Agenda for Peace and was applied for the first time in Macedonia. The essence of this strategy is a preventive military action rather than a diplomatic response. It involves the positioning of troops, military observers and related personnel on one or both sides of a border between entities that are in dispute (or where there is an emerging threat of conflict).

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Treaty of Guarantee was signed on August 16, 1960 among Turkey, Greece, and the United Kingdom. According to Article II of the Treaty “Greece, the United Kingdom and Turkey, undertake to prohibit, as far as lies within their power, all activity having the object of promoting directly or indirectly either the union of the Republic of Cyprus with any other State or partition of the Island.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: The UN period, that is the 3rd phase of peace operations, could be elaborated through four generations such as traditional peacekeeping, civilian tasks, peace enforcement, and peace-building.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International security studies (ISS) is a sub-field of International Relations (IR). It has evolved from the disciplines of War Studies, Military History, and Geopolitics after the Second World War.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Structural realism emphasizes four core elements of international politics: • States are seen as rational actors and by far the most important actors in the international system. • The international system is anarchic; there is no international authority that can prevent the use of force between states. • Each state cannot take its security for granted and thus, is responsibleforensuring its own survival, most notably through the nurturing of material capabilities. • The balance of power (the formation of alliances with certain states to counter the threat of other states) is the defining mechanism that regulates the international system and explains war and peace.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Military Sector refers to the two-level interplay between the armed offensive capacity and defensive capabilities of states and their perceptions of each other’s intentions. It is about relationships of forceful coercion. Here the referent object can be states. Political Sector means the regime type of states and their ideologies that provide them with legitimacy and authority. It is related to authority, governing status and recognition. In this sector, the referent object can be national sovereignty or an ideology. Economical Sector shows the welfare of the state and its access to natural resources and financial markets. It concerns trade, production, and finance. Its referent object refers to national economies. Societal Sector relates to national identity, sustainable culture, customs, and religion. It is about relationships of collective identity. The referent object here is collective identities. Environmental Sector includes the maintenance of the planetary biosphere. It refers to the relationship between human activity and planetary biosphere. Its referent object is species or habitats (Buzan, Waever, and Wilde, 1998: 8)

Yanıt Açıklaması: Article II of the Decision, with regard to the legitimacy of the attack, lays the burden of proof on that state who first resorted to force. In other words, “the first use of armed force by a State in contravention of the Charter shall constitute prima facie evidence of an act of aggression.” However, Article II also demands that the Security Council consider other “relevant circumstances” while debating a specific act and argues that in order for this act to amount to an aggression, either the act or its consequences must be of “sufficient gravity.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Morgenthau outlines the “six principles of political realism” as follows: • Politics is governed by objective laws which have their root in human nature. • The key to understanding international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. • The forms and nature of state power will vary in time, place and context but the concept of interest remains consistent. • Universal moral principles do not guide state behavior, although this does not rule out an awareness of the moral significance of political action. • Moral aspirations are specific to a particular nation; there is no universally agreed set of moral principles. • The political sphere is autonomous (Heywood, 2011).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Security means “the absence of a threat to the stability of the international system and international actors, namely nation-states, multi-national corporations (MNCs), international governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), and armed non-state actors (ANSAs). During the Cold War, international security has been conceptualized within national security perspective that aims to overcome the mutual nuclear global destruction. The study of international security has focused on clearly defined enemies, the threat of use of deadly military force, the fear of mutually assured destruction (MAD), the two bloc’s ideological confrontations, and the attempt to avoid the Third World War. International security is in essence how to protect the state against internal and external threats. After the Cold War era, the emphasis in international security has shifted to collective security, human security, ethnic conflicts, global economy, environment, international migration, global terrorism, and cyber warfare.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Below are some examples of main threats of certain types of security; Economic Security - Persistent poverty. Food Security -Hunger, famine. Health Security - Deadly infectious disease, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack  of access to basic health care. Environmental Security - Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution. Personal Security - Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor. Community Security - Inter-ethnic, religious, and other identity-based tensions. Political Security - Political repression, human rights abuses. Source: UN Trust Fund for Human Security, 2009, p. 7

Yanıt Açıklaması: Bandwagon is to side with a stronger power in the hope of increasing security and influence; ‘jumping on the bandwagon’.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The evolution of peace operations can be divided into three main phases as the period before the League of Nations (antecedents), the League of Nations phase (novice attempts), and the current period beginning after the foundation of the United Nations (maturity). The first phase could begin with the Crusades and end before the establishment of the League of Nations. The following phase covers the period of League of Nations. The third phase starts with the founding of United Nations, and still continues.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Peace Research belongs to traditionalist approach. Others belong to Critical approach.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The International Criminal Court is a permanent international court that was established by the Rome Statute.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The UN enumerates peace operations as con ict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peacebuilding. The last one, peacebuilding, comprises a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of resuming the conflict by strengthening indigenous capacities to provide a basis for sustainable peace and development.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Buzan distinguished five models of security due to newly emerging diversity of perceived threats: 1. Military security concerns itself with the two-level interplay of the armed offensive and defensive capabilities of states and state’s perceptions of each other’s intentions, 2. Political security focuses on the organizational stability of states, systems of government, and ideologies that give them legitimacy, 3. Economic security emphasizes on prioritazing access to resources, finance, and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power, 4. Societal security concerns itself with the ability of societies to reproduce their traditional patterns of language, culture, association, religious and national identities and customs within acceptable conditions for evolution, 5. Environmental security deals with the maintenance of local and planetary biosphere as well as space in order to ensure continued existence of all human beings (Buzan, 1999: 433).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Biosecurity is a general term to put necessary measures to prevent unwanted biological invasions that may include human, plants, animals, viruses, and so on.

Yanıt Açıklaması: British scholar Susan Strange (1996) offers Structural Power Thoeory and defines it as “the power to decide how things shall be done, the power to shape frameworks within which states relate to one another, relate to people or relate to corporate enterprises”. She distinguishes between four primary power structures: • The knowledge structure, which influences actor’s beliefs, ideas or perceptions; • The financial structure, which controls access to credit or investment; • The security structure, which shapes defence and strategic issues; • The production structure, which affects economic development and prosperity

Yanıt Açıklaması: Security regions can be regarded as miniature systems of international politics where all International Relations theories can be applied such as alliance theory, polarity, and balance of power etc. A regional security complex is is based on four components as follows: 1. Regional boundaries, which differentiate itself from its neighbors. 2. Regional anarchical system, which consists of two or three independents states 3. Power differences among countries in the region, 4. The patterns of amity and enmity (Buzan and Waever, 2003: 53).

Yanıt Açıklaması: In principle, the UN Charter has outlawed initiating a war of aggression. The correct answer is B.