Internatıonal Securıty

Yanıt Açıklaması: Kyoto Protocol (1997): is the main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions in 2008–2012. Almost all the world’s major countries, except the United States, are participants. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Community security includes inter-ethnic, religious, and other identity-based tensions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: G-7 has recognized the key role of the energy transition through the development of new markets for clean energy and through non-marketdistortive support measures. The enhancement of research and development of innovative technologies are crucial for the future, recognizing that both economic growth and environmental protection could be achieved. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the first century A.D., the Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry , is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect which aimed to struggle for Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Universal Declaration of Human Rights: is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 that articulates “the rights and freedoms to which every human being is equally and inalienably entitled (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948: 6).

Yanıt Açıklaması: When states attempt to balance threats by an increase of their national capabilities, this is called internal balancing. Alternatively, when they try to balance against a prevailing threat by the establishment of informal or formal alliances with other states, this is known as external balancing (Grieco, 1997: 160). Through internal and external efforts, a state can either increase its own capacity or impair that of its rival. While the former is called positive balancing, the latter is negative balancing (Steff and Khoo, 2014: 2227-228). One can make another distinction between hard balancing and soft balancing. States use mainly their military and economic capacities in hard balancing, whereas soft balancing suggests the use of diplomatic and cultural means, which are the soft power resources (Fortmann, Paul and Wirtz, 2004: 362-365; Paul, 2004: 3; Pape, 2005: 9-10).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Emerging markets is one of the current economic issues. The correct option is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Misgovernment is considered a cultural reason for terrorism. Loose democracy, poverty, wealth inequality, intellectual awakening or stimulation, and various other reasons such as joining a terrorist organization for adventure or financial motives are social-psychological reasons.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the Table 8.1, possible types of human security threats are as follows: Economic security: Persistent poverty, unemployment Food security: Hunger, famine Health security: Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care Environmental security: Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution Personal security: Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor Community security: Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions Political security: Political repression, human rights abuses. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: One may give the following possible scenarios in an attempt to better define and explain cyber terrorism: • Blocking emergency communications or cutting off electricity or water in the wake of a conventional bombing or a biological, chemical, or radiation attack, • Destroying the actual machinery of the information infrastructure, • Disrupting the information technology underlying the internet, government computer networks, or critical civilian systems such as financial networks or mass media, • Using computer networks to take over machines that control traffic lights, power plants, or dams in order to cause collateral damage, • Stealing classified information, altering the content of web pages, disseminating false information, sabotaging operations, erasing data etc. in cyber milieu, • Disrupting financial markets or media broadcasts, an attack could undermine confidence or cause panic such as breaching dams, colliding airplanes, shutting down the power grid etc., via remote control systems. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The priorities of human security cover not only the military threats but also issues of non-military security such as health and economic development. In other words, human security is not an alternative to the state-centered security approach; it rather complements traditional security approach in the following four different ways (Human Security Now, 2003:4): • “Its concern is the individual and the community rather than the state; • Menaces to people’s security includethreats and conditions that have not always been classified as threats to state security; • The range of actors is expanded beyond the state alone; • Achieving human security includes not just protecting people but also empowering people to fend for themselves.”

Yanıt Açıklaması: Political repression and human rights abuses are categorized under political security. Economic security - Persistent poverty, unemployment Food security - Hunger, famine Health security - Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care Environmental security - Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution Personal security - Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor Community security - Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union as well as between their respective allies from the end of the Second World War to 1989. This rivalry was based on the ideological difference between the two superpowers. It never escalated into an actual conflict; it was rather based on the use of political, economic, bureaucratic, and propaganda tools despite the existence of proxy wars such as the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), and the SovietAfghan War (1979-1989). The Cold War came to an end with the collapse of Communist bloc in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991(Dağ, 2005, 93).

Yanıt Açıklaması: While negative peace is related to the traditional security approach that is based on the absence of war between two states, positive peace refers to the establishment of a socially just system by taking into consideration all dimensions of human security.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Through the inquistion, those who were believed to have acted contrary to the doctrines of the Catholic Church were condemned as misbelievers. Then, they were first excommunicated and later transferred to the courts to ‘leave the world’. The method for ‘leaving the world’ included various forms of torture such as auto da-fe and drownings. The inquisition was revived and reinvented in the fight against the Protestants in the 16th century. The Spanish Inquisition also tested the sincerity of Christian converts. As a result, thousands of Jews and Muslims were burned to death.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The IEF “aims to foster greater mutual understanding and awareness of common energy interests among its members. The 72 member countries of the Forum are signatories to the IEF Charter, which outlines the framework of the global energy dialogue through this inter- governmental arrangement.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Parameters Explanation Motive The reason that the perpetrator has and operates from Instrument The act itself Goal A result such as death Intent To create impact The Definition of terrorism based on these parameters Terrorism is a violent act with political content that affects the behavior of millions and that aims at reaching certain results such as death or keeping people under control through fear.

Yanıt Açıklaması: NATO aims at guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. The rationale of NATO is to provide security for its members . Moreover, NATO works to promote democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defense and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes . If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defense clause of NATO’s founding treaty - Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United-Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe (www.britannica.com).