Introduction to Law

Yanıt Açıklaması: Modern criminal law is governed by a number of principles including the non-retroactivity principle which requires that "a person should not be convicted or punished except in accordance with a previously declared offense". The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Be intelligent is not element of capacity to act. Another ist element of capacity to act.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Civil law has its roots mainly in Roman law. Turkey is also a civil law, in other words continental law country. Anglo-Saxon law (not civil law) draws abstract rules from specific cases. Statement (III) is wrong. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The acquired property of a spouse comprises: 1. The proceeds from his or her employment 2. Benefits received from social security, social welfare institutions and staff welfare schemes, 3. Compensation obtained for inability to work, 4. Income derived from his or her own individual property, 5. Property acquired to replace acquired property. On the other hand, a spouse’s individual property comprises: 1. Personal items used exclusively by that spouse, 2. Assets belonging to one spouse at the beginning of the matrimonial property regime or acquired later at no cost by inheritance or otherwise (for example, donation), 3. Immaterial (moral) compensation, 4. Acquisitions that replace individual property.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Civil procedure doesn’t interested in crimes; crimes are contents of criminal law. Others are true.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Punishability requires a written act ofparliament and cannot be based on custom.(No Punishment without Law)

Yanıt Açıklaması: Competition is generally defined as a contest where economic decisions can be taken freely by the undertakings in the markets for goods and services. Competition is a contest or play where in the playground (market), for all the players (competitors) and the stakeholders the play should be competitive and fair. This requirement sets forth certain duties not only for the players but also for the regulators. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Incitement and assistance are the forms of complicity in criminal law systems.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Turkish former Code of Civil Procedure which was effective from 1927 to 2011 was adopted from Switzerland.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sentence I is false, because interpretation stops when a text is clear. And also sentence II is false, because according to the historical interpretation, judges have the duty to search for what the legislature meant when enacting the text.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Liability of loyalty is one of the liability of engagement.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Property from previous engagements is not among the acquired property of a spouse. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Article 56 explicitly lists those who are entitled to bring a court action in cases of unfair competition. Accordingly the following can take the following legal actions: i. Persons whose economic interest are damaged or jeopardized: Any person whose economic interests are damaged or endangered by unfair competition is entitled to claim remedies against unfair competition. Every competitor who has suffered damages is entitled to take a legal action. ii. Customers whose economic interests are infringed: Customers have the standing to sue only where their economic interests are injured. For customers to have a cause of action there must be actual damages. Prospective damages is not sufficient. iii. Professional or economic associations: Professional and economic associations such as chambers of commerce, unions, consumer associations etc. established to safeguard the economic interests of their members are only entitled to bring actions for declaratory relief, prohibition, and termination of unfair competition.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are two types of procedure sets in civil procedure: written procedure and simplified procedure. The written procedure is the principle procedure. In written procedure, there are five separate stages of action. The court is not permitted to commence a stage before completing the previous one. The stages of the action in civil procedure are: (1) Pleadings (2) Preliminary examination (3) Trial (4) Oral arguments (5) The judgment

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is the values and culture of a particular society which determine what conducts are regarded as criminal. It should be noted that a certain conduct which is contrary to criminal law at one point in time may not be regarded as criminal afterwards or in another country. Although there are a number of definitions concerning ‘whatcrime is’, the definition of Blackstone, a famous English jurist, stands out as the most remarkable and comprehensible.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Deduction means reasoning that moves fromgeneral premises, which are known or presumed to be known, to certain conclusions. Induction, by contrast, is reasoning that moves from specific cases to more general, but uncertain, conclusions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: "Offering customers a flexible menu of products and services without tying one product to another", in other words, offering independent products to customers, is an example of fair competition. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The general principles are the fundamental regulations and apply, without exception, to defined crimes in special part.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Germany is occasionally referred to as the land of Rechtswissenschaft, which literally means “legal science”. Germany is, therefore, known for its seemingly relentless legal conceptualism and systematization. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The traditional defence of coercion covers situations where the defendant has been forced by another to break the law under a direct threat of death or serious personal injury to himself/herself or someone else. The correct answer is A.