Research Methods

Yanıt Açıklaması: Principle-based ethics, developed by Beauchamp and Childress (2000; cited in European Commission, 2010; Schüklenk, 2005), proposes a system of ethical reasoning based on the following four principles: Respect for autonomy (i.e., the obligation to respect decision-making capacities of autonomous people), Beneficence (i.e., the obligation to provide benefits and to balance them against risks), Non-maleficence (i.e., the obligation to avoid causing harm), Justice (i.e., the obligation of fairness in the distribution of benefits and risks).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Using quantitative methods to sample data from the entire population also created a lot of controversy, as in the example of the 1990 Census which provoked a major lawsuit in the US for not including the differentiated poor living in the inner cities and the loss of their political presentation. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: a

Yanıt Açıklaması: Research ethics is basically about means of ensuring that vulnerable people are protected from exploitation and other forms of harm. One of the most important aims of research ethics is to protect participants from all kinds of risks.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In general, Introduction section of an article should cover: research background, research problem/problem statement, and research objective(s)/research question(s). 1. Establish an area to research by: • Highlighting the importance of the topic, and/or • Making general statements about the topic, and/or • Presenting an overview on current research on the subject. 2. Identify a research niche by: • Opposing an existing assumption, and/or • Revealing a gap in existing research, and/or • Formulating a research question or problem, and/or • Continuing a disciplinary tradition. 3. Place your research within the research niche by: • Stating the intent of your study, • Outlining the key characteristics of your study, • Describing important results, and • Giving a brief overview of the structure of the paper

Yanıt Açıklaması: The weaknesses of the MMR are as follows: A single researcher may have difficulty in carrying out both qualitative and quantitative research, especially if two or more approaches are expected to be done concurrently (i.e., the study might require a research team). The researcher has to learn about multiple methods and approaches and understand how to combine them appropriately. Methodological purists contend that one should always work within either a qualitative or quantitative paradigm. It is more expensive. It is more time-consuming. Some of the details of mixed research remain to be worked out fully by research methodologists The other options reflect the strengths of mixed methods research.

Yanıt Açıklaması: While all other tasks can be carried out by using softwares such as Microsoft office, it becomes crucial to use statistical software packages when carrying out complex statistical tests. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ethical issues are likely to arise in all kinds of social research. There are four broad issues that can produce ethical dilemmas for all researchers: Research sponsorship (i.e., the extent to which research funders influence a research activity, etc.). Research relations (i.e., questions of access, power, harm, deception, secrecy, confidentiality, and/or issues related to overt/covert research, etc.). Informed consent (i.e., whether consent has been obtained voluntarily, whether participants were adequately informed of the aims of research and its possible risks, or whether participants were competent to consent, etc.). Data dissemination (i.e., the extent to which research data can be stored, published, and/ or used by policy makers, etc.).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Content-related validity requires expert judgment in the field of study. Decision on ‘Have I asked the most appropriate question/item to find answers?’.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A is one of the etchics that consequentialist/utilitarian perspective represents and it does not belong to the principles of Framework for Research Ethics. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Discussion section brings everything together, showing how our findings respond to the brief we explained in or introduction and the previous research we surveyed in our literature survey. This is also the place to answer our research questions and theses hypotheses. The purpose of the discussion is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in the light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated, and to explain any new understanding or insights about the problem after you’ve taken the findings into consideration.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The phenomenon of “research ethics” was mostly resulted from the revelations regarding the appalling medical experiments conducted by some Nazi doctors in German concentration camps during the World War II. For example, they “killed Gypsy twin teenagers in order to determine why some of them had differently colored eyes. Prisoners of war were forced to drink seawater in order to find out how long a man might survive without fresh water.” As a result of such experiments, firstly, the Nuremberg Code of 1947 was developed to outline some basic ethical principles (e.g., informed consent, avoiding harm, respecting privacy) that were anticipated to guide medical experiments. The Nuremberg Code is the most important milestone in research ethics. Because the ethic codes developed in different areas of social sciences were based on the Nuremberg Code.

Yanıt Açıklaması: An abstract summarizes, the research usually in one paragraph of 200-300 words or less. When writing a structured abstract, consider the following sub-headings: 1. Problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical gap is your research topic filling? 2. Purpose: What is the overall purpose of the study? 3. Method: The basic design of the study. What did you actually do to get your findings/ results? 4. Results/Findings: Major findings found as a result of your analysis. What did you learn/ invent/create? 5. Conclusion/Implications: What is your concluding remark? What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in the research?

Yanıt Açıklaması: Convergent design: conducting qualitative and quantitative research concurrently, giving equal status to qualitative and quantitative strands, analysing the qualitative and quantitative data separately, making general comment by combining the results. Exploratory design: conducting qualitative and quantitative research sequentially, begging the study with qualitative data collection and analyses, conducting the quantitative phase based on the qualitative phase by testing or generalizing the qualitative results, explain how the quantitative data are built on qualitative results.

Yanıt Açıklaması: MMR sampling process consists of seven steps: Determine the goal of the study Formulate the research question Determine the research purpose Determine the research question Select the research design Select the sampling design Select the individual sampling schemes

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the course of research, participants' autonomy should be respected, their privacy should be protected and harm resulting from research should be minimized. It is not ok to utilize them as much as possible. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: b

Yanıt Açıklaması: Think of the introduction as a mental road map that must answer these four questions for the reader: 1. What was I studying? 2. Why was this topic important to investigate? 3. What did we know about this topic before I did this study? 4. How will this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding?

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) underscore that the researcher needs to avoid four types of errors as cornerstones of good quality surveys: Coverage error, Sampling error, Nonresponse error, Measurement error

Yanıt Açıklaması: Elements of a paragraph. To be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following in order: argument/claim, evidence/proof, and summary. When writing a paragraph you should bear in mind that a paragraph has three elements including 1) coherence, 2) a topic sentence, and 3) adequate development (Driscoll and Brizee, 2013). Using and adapting them to your individual purposes will help you construct effective paragraphs.