Research Methods

Yanıt Açıklaması: Transition words are words or phrases used in the topic sentence of a paragraph that give the reader clues about the paragraph logically relates to the rest of the paper. Transition words can also reveal different types of logical relationships, and that logically relate a particular paragraph. If the logical relationship between sentences or paragraphs are based on cause and effect, appropriate transitional expressions are accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, and thus.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Tearoom sex study was conducted by Laud Humphreys (1970; cited in Thomas, 1996) and still continues to illustrate controversial ethical issues of deception, informed consent, and invasion of privacy. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment was criticized for not informing participants about the risk of psychological stress, physical discomfort, and/or humiliation to which they were ultimately exposed. The most widely held criticism of the Tuskegee study centers on the absence of informed consent and the exploitation of the participants. The Milgram obedience experiments were conducted to investigate people’s obedience to authority; in other words, the aim was to see how far a person would be willing to harm another person. However, the research participants were deceived about the nature of the research and led to believe that they were administering electric shocks to other participants. In The Little Albert Experiment an 11-month-old infant (named Albert B.), without the knowledge or consent of his parents, was conditioned to fear rats by associating them with fear-inducing circumstances such as a loud noise.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Tips for writing good survey questions • Each question should have only one single objective. ‘I volunteer at governmental elections and NGOs’ Note, what if the participant only volunteers in one institution! • Adopt the same definitions or concepts throughout the survey. For instance, if your key term is university students, keep it like that, and do not alternate it with college students in different parts of the survey. • Avoid leading items that imply a preferred way to answer. For example: ‘I think that women make best teachers.’ 1) Totally Disagree 2) Disagree 3) Undecided 4) Agree 5) Totally agree • Avoid rating within the questions such as ‘I always attend student protests.’ 1) Never 2) Rarely 3) Sometimes 4) Frequently 5)Always Avoid loaded questions, especially during face-to-face interview survey, which may emotionally charge the respondent. For example: Do you have cancer? • Use questions that are simple and easy to understand, and cause no misunderstanding. • Avoid using technical jargon. It may discourage the individuals to continue with the survey. • Avoid negative or double negative expressions such as ‘I do not like the politicians,’ or ‘I do not dislike politics.’ • Be precise, avoid estimations such as ‘Estimated how many students are there in your class?’ ask ‘What size is your class.’

Yanıt Açıklaması: A

Yanıt Açıklaması: The positivist paradigm advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Conducting a MMR can be a complex and very extensive process especially for novice researchers. For this reason, the researchers may need to check whether their MMR steps are parallel with the MMR content, philosophy, design, sampling, etc. In order to figure out if their study fits the MMR, the researchers can follow the checklist below: Your Review (Put cross or tick) The steps you must follow while reviewing your mixed methods study 1. Evaluate your topic of the study (Is it suitable for mixed methods research?) 2. Check the philosophy and theoretical foundations of mixed methods research (Do you build up your research into this philosophy?) 3. Describe the goal/purpose/research questions of your study (Are your goal/purpose/ research questions of your study suitable for a mixed methods research?) 4. Choose your research design and organize the strands of your study 5. Be sure that you explain a sample, collecting quantitative/qualitative data, analyzing the data in your each strand in a detailed way 6. Give your rationale for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data 7. Determine timing (Is it sequential/concurrent or multiphase?) 8. Determine the type of interaction (How do you mix the strands of your study? Merged, connected, embedded, within a theoretical framework or within a program objective framework?) 9. Determine the priority (Is quantitative or qualitative dominant or equal?) 10. Explain the overall mixed methods design by citing references 11. Display each strand of your study in a detailed diagram by drawing flow of activities that occurred during your research. 12. If something goes wrong in any stage of your research, turn back to previous stage and check it, find the error, correct it and go ahead...

Yanıt Açıklaması: Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Research studies conducted via quantitative research methods are inclined to see the facts through the same eyes all the time, and thus, fail to explain social phenomena that are constantly in a state of change. Yet, it should be remembered that social phenomena cannot be universal, are never fixed, and can change in time. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Zimbardo Prison Experiment in 1971 was originally designed for a two-week time period, but ran only for six days. The reason for the early termination of the experiment was because the guards had begun to systematically abuse the prisoners through ridicule, verbal abuse, and other forms of severe treatment. The study was criticized for not informing participants about the risk of psychological stress, physical discomfort, and/or humiliation to which they were ultimately exposed.