Research Methods

Yanıt Açıklaması: Research misconduct does not include honest error or honest difference of opinion. Therefore B is the incorrect answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Steps to be followed to conduct a qualitative research are identifying the research focus or problem, selecting participants, data collection techniques, data analysis, and reporting. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989) suggest that five major objectives or motivations exist for conducting MMR. The first one is ‘triangulation’, which provides validation and concurrence of results gained from various methods and designs investigating the same circumstance. ‘Complementarity’, as the second motivation, seeks for further detailing, improvement, interpretation and description of the results obtained from one method with results from the other method. The third one is ‘initiation’, which means unearthing the bias, and discrepancies that cause re-designing of the research question. ‘Development’, the fourth motivation, includes utilizing the findings from one method to deliver clues to other method. The last motivation, ‘expansion’, seeks to expand the size of research with different methods for different investigation factors.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The research goal directs forthrightly to the research objective. In this step, the researcher should determine which of the following five major standard research objectives are pertinent for the quantitative and qualitative phases of the study: a) exploration, b) description, c) explanation, d) prediction, and/or e) influence.

Yanıt Açıklaması: b

Yanıt Açıklaması: b

Yanıt Açıklaması: Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie (2003) present a seven-stage conception of the mixed methods data analysis process within the MMR model. These stages are respectively data reduction, data display, data transformation, data correlation, data consolidation, data comparison, and data integration.

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are six types of mixed methods research design. Their characteristics can be found in the following table: Types of Mixed Methods Research Design Explanation 1. Convergent design • conducting qualitative and quantitative research concurrently •giving equal status to qualitative and quantitative strands •analysing the qualitative and quantitative data separately •making general comment by combining the results 2. Explanatory design • conducting qualitative and quantitative research sequentially •begging the study with quantitative data collection and analyses •building the second phase of the study on the results of first phase •commenting on how the qualitative phase helps to explain the quantitative phase of the study 3. Exploratory design • conducting qualitative and quantitative research sequentially •begging the study with qualitative data collection and analyses •conducting the quantitative phase based on the qualitative phase by testing or generalizing the qualitative results •explain how the quantitative data are built on qualitative results. 4. Embedded design • consisting of major and supporting research •conducting qualitative and quantitative research either sequentially or concurrently •a qualitative research can be conducted before, during or after the major quantitative research or vice versa. •using the supporting phase in order to develop the major research in some way 5. Transformative design • shaping interaction, dominance, timing and combination of qualitative and quantitative research based on theoretical framework •theoretical framework guides the methods decisions 6. Multiphase design • conducting research by combining sequential and/or concurrent qualitative and quantitative research •using this design in order to develop, adapt and evaluate programmes

Yanıt Açıklaması: The dependent variable is subjected to pretest and post-test procedures prior to testing the independent variable experimentally in this version of time series design, a.k.a intervention analysis or interrupted time series analysis. Just like the other non-randomized designs, formation of the independent variable is observed but not interfered by the researcher. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: When paraphrasing we generally begin the sentence with a signal phrase. When we want to imply that an author ‘argues in favor’, the verb that we use indicates that the source is providing evidence or reason for a position. Common signal phrases in this sense include argues, asserts, contends, demonstrates, holds, illustrates, indicates, ,insists, maintains, shows, supports and proposes. Differs and refutes means ‘argues against’; and determines implies drawing a conclusion from previous discussion.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Unlike quantitative approach, there is no need for hypotheses to develop research question(s) in a qualitative research study (Creswell, 2003). Likewise, the aim is not to figure out variables and the relations among them. In addition, questions directed to determine specific features such as cause-effect, relation, and difference are not used in qualitative research. The overall aim of qualitative research is to comprehensively understand perceptions and processes.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Czarniawska (2004) diagnoses narrative inquiry design as written documents and conversations interpreted about an event or a course of events that are chronologically related. Narrative inquiry is based on sharing experiences about an event or a chain of events with another or others through any channel of communication.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Virtue ethics refers to a researcher’s possession of certain traits/virtues as part of his/her character/personality such as being kind, generous, courageous, just, and prudent, etc. That is, it is an ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation. The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Experimental research is unique yet not so common in political research as the nature of experimental research demands manupulating of the independent variable in the experiment. More explicitly, it is a research type that explicitly attempts to influence a particular variable. Second, it is considered to be the best method to test hypothesis related to cause-and-effect relationships (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2010). In addition, ethics is of utmost consideration.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Research relations are about the questions of access, power, harm, deception, secrecy, confidentiality, and/or issues related to overt/covert research, etc. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Correlational studies enable the researcher to identify how one or a set of variables are related to another or enable the researcher to make predictions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: MMR can be defined as the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for a clear understanding of research objectives than either approach alone. It is because MMR balances the weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research and transforms them into strength. By using all types of data collection tools, researchers can get more comprehensive evidence for a research problem. On the other hand, MMR enables researchers to answer questions that cannot be answered by qualitative or quantitative approaches alone. MMR can be so functional that the researchers feel free to make use of different methodologies to reach the research objectives. It is possible to use words, pictures and narrative to add meaning to numbers in MMR. Requiring more than one research is considered as a weakness of mixed methods research.

Yanıt Açıklaması: European Commission (2010, p. 78) defines “privacy” as the protection of “control over information about oneself; control over access to oneself, both physical and mental; and control over one’s ability to make important decisions about family and lifestyle in order to be self-expressive and to develop varied relationships.” Privacy is also related to the issue of protecting both personal territory and information. Anonymity and confidentiality are the two strategies used to maintain/protect privacy. Confidentiality is the obligation of the researcher not to reveal information about a research participant without his/her permission. Anonymity is the condition of being anonymous as a participant in the research, or the removal of reference to a research participant from whom the information is gathered.

Yanıt Açıklaması: e

Yanıt Açıklaması: There are different types of surveys, therefore, as the researcher you need to relate your survey design to your research questions. Butt et al. (2016) provide a list of survey types that can be utilized in political science research such as cross-national surveys, national time series, election surveys, and panel surveys.