Introduction to Sociology

Yanıt Açıklaması: Aristotle states that the “friendly relationships” between human beings, Grotius states that the “relations originating from people’s sense of searching for their fellows,” Durkheim and Duguit state that the “relations of solidarity arising from similar and different needs” and Marx and Engels state that the “relationships of exploitation among classes” emerge on the basis of law. The answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The optimistic view of functionalism on family has come under strong criticism. Some of the main critical views on family are of Edmund Leach and R.D. Laing. Anthropologist Edmund R. Leach is one of the students of Malinowski. Leach addresses family in industrial societies from a pessimistic point of view. Leach shows that in small-scale pre-industrial societies, the family is a part of a wider kinship network and this network provides people more support than the nuclear family. On the other hand, nuclear family in industrial societies is isolated from the wider kinship network and people lack their kin’s individual and continuous moral support. In the isolated nuclear family, members expect and demand too much from each other but cannot meet the expectations of other members. For Leach, the result of this increased stress between the spouses and the stress between the parents and the children is conflict. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ethnocentrism, which seems normal and natural for every cultural identity at first sight, comes out as homophobia, heterophobia, xenophobia, islamophobia and racism at different doses. On the other hand, the choice of C, acrophobia refers to a different concept which means the fear of heights. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Among others, only Margaret Benston is among Marxist feminists. C is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The sociology of law is a very young science branch and its eponym is D. Anzilotti, an Italian lawyer. Anzilotti described the task of this new branch of science, which he called “sociologia juridica” in 1892, as an empirical analysis of legal events.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Adam Smith (1723-1790), Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Max Weber (1864-1920) deeply influenced the development of economics sociology.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The answer is B. Status refers to a current situation, while assets are material or abstract tools. Social mobility refers to the ability to change one's status, social inequality refers to the differences between status, and life chance is indicative of the possibility of living a healthy life under given circumstances.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The term culture, which was previously used to mean “cultivation,” or “breeding” in relation to agricultural activities, has now turned into a universe of meanings that includes layers of meanings such as the development of the human mind, the development process, the means of progression, and the mental state of the mind.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The social-conflict paradigm of Marx highlights religion’s support for social hierarchy. Religion, as claimed by Marx, serves ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from the social inequities of society. Most religions create or reinforce systems of stratification. To this extent, religion is a form of alienation; it is a symptom of social malformation that disguises the exploitative nature of capitalist society. Thus, the social-conflict theory approached to the issue of religion as an issue legitimizing the social inequality.

Yanıt Açıklaması: -Every society develops a normative order. -The norms are divided into two categories, namely, official norms and unofficial norms (İçli, 2002:105,106): a. Official Norms: These are the official and written rules such as laws, regulations, statutes, circulars and board decisions. The punishments and rewards regarding these norms are predetermined. b. Unofficial Norms: These are non-written norms, and punishments and rewards are not explicitly stated for such norms. The individuals might face sanctions such as condemnation, mocking, exclusion and insults.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Marx believed religion provided comfort for the poor, and drew their attention away from their present misery and the inequalities and injustices of this world with promises of a future, golden life after death. Religion, as claimed by Marx, serves ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from the social inequities of society.Correct option is D. The idea that 'society is more powerful than the individual' belongs to Durkheim.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The function of law as a social concept can be listed as the following a. Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships b. Resolves disputes c. Regulates the behaviors d. Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it e. Develops the living conditions f. Protects from external hazards g. Realizes the legal organization

Yanıt Açıklaması: Aesthetic, is a subdiscipline in philosophy that deals with art and beauty, and is closely related to philosophy of art. In general, the term aesthetic is concerned with the identification of general and universal principles that determine ‘art’ and ‘beauty.’) The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The meaning universe that culture gained as of the eighteenth century, is the classical, aesthetic definition of culture or culture as high culture- as we shall see below. Again in this period with the development of anthropology, culture started to be widely used as “whole way of life” of a certain group. The correct option is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Conflict theories enphasize the important of social structures in societies; however, unlike functionalism, which focuses on the consensus, they focus on power, social divisions, inequality and struggle among different groups pursuing their own interests (Giddens, 2009:24).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Value is defined as the thoughts or principles that are thought to be true and necessary by the majority of its members in order to sustain the existence of a society or a social group. Values are the criteria that tell us what is right, what is wrong, what is wanted and what is not wanted in determining our behaviour within society. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Functionalists are criticized in a number of aspects. Murdock in particular was criticized for ignoring the alternatives of the nuclear family. Correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Every rule that we face as law fulfills a function such as to maintain and protect a certain social connection and prevent it from disintegration. It could be said that there are four basic characteristics of law in general terms; law is normative, comprised of regularity, institutionalism and it is challenging. The function of law as a social concept can be listed as the following: a. Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships b. Resolves disputes c. Regulates the behaviors d. Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it e. Develops the living conditions f. Protects from external hazards g. Realizes the legal organization

Yanıt Açıklaması: The roots of the social sciences, which emerged in the 19th century, lie in the Enlightenment period. There are many disciplines of social sciences, such as economics, history, political science, anthropology, psychology, and these are all related to each other. All of these disciplines examine human behavior, they are all interested in the human- built social World. Philosophy and sociology have a close relation. The rise of sociology is mostly the result of a philosophical desire, the desire to give meaning to human history, to explain the social crisis in the 19th century and to create a social doctrine that will guide to social politics. The relation between philosophy and sociology has three main dimensions. First, sociology makes use of philosophy of science, as it is a science itself. Second, sociology is interested in values while studying social facts, so it has to know the debates of values in ethics and social philosophy. Third, sociology helps new philosophical questions to arise. The correct answer is Choice B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The main interest of functional sociology has been culture as norms, values and a way of lifestyle rather than culture as high culture. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), one of the founders of the functional approach, addressed some basic questions about how culture came into being in his work, Primitive Classification (1903), written with Marcel Mauss (1872-1950), his nephew and the most important student. According to them, culture only became possible when human communities began to separate and classify things in their environment. Humankind cannot classify what they see when they are born and therefore cannot separate one from the other.