Introduction to Sociology

Yanıt Açıklaması: Every rule that we face as law fulfils a function such as to maintain and protect a certain social connection and prevent it from disintegration. It could be said that there are four basic characteristics of law in general terms; law is normative, comprised of regularity, institutionalism and it is challenging The function of law as a social concept can be listed as follows: Defining the members of the group and determines mutual relationships, resolving disputes, regulating the behaviours, ensuring that the social power is organised, developing the living conditions, protecting from the external hazards, realising the legal organisation. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Marxist Feminism, women are expected to absorb their husbands’ legitimate anger and frustration generating from working life, thus prevent them from disobeying and rebelling against their employers and the system. The answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Although there are 164 definitions of culture, these definitions can be categorized into three general groups. In other words, hundreds of different cultural definitions can be classified into three categories (Edles, 2002): 1. Aesthetic Definitions of Culture or Culture as High Culture 2. Anthropological Definitions of Culture or Culture as a Whole Way of Life 3. Culture as Shared Meaning Systems Aesthetic. Threfore, the correct option is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: We can classify the functions of legal rules in three main categories in terms of their effects: (1) Oppressive: The laws might be more or less challenging. There is physical pressures at various levels in social control systems. (2) Facilitating: The laws ensure the expectations about behaviors and make them predictable. (3) Ideological: As a belief system, the ideology is reflected in legal rules and it emerges, depending on certain values. The correct answer is Choice E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sociology of family has its roots in the studies of Le Play in Europe and attracted attention in the USA after World War II. Le Play used the monography method he developed to examine the working class families and claimed that this method would be the key to reveal the laws of the social life.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The areas that sociologists investigate are parts of our everyday lives. Sociologists talk about families, groups, politics, economy, factories, religion, authority, etc. However, sociologists live in the society they investigate, they have families, they work in the work places, they are a part of the economy. They cannot completely isolate themselves from the society. What people say and do is the basis of the research subject of sociology. Nevertheless, there are important differences between commonsense and sociology. Thus, B is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In all its forms, Durkheim pointed out three major functions of religion for the operation of society. These are Social Cohesion, Social Control, and Providing Meanings and Purpose. According to him, every society uses religious imagery and rhetoric to promote conformity. Societies infuse many cultural norms-especially mores relating to marriage and reproduction-with religious justification. Looking beyond behavioural norms, religion confers legitimacy on the political system. In medieval Europe, in fact, monarchs claimed to rule by divine right. Few of today’s political leaders invoke religion so explicitly, but many publicly as for God’s blessing, to imply audiences that their e orts are right and just.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The functionalist perspective examines religion in terms of society’s needs. From this perspective, society requires a certain degree of social solidarity, value concensus, and harmony and integration between its parts. According to Durkheim, all societies have a continuing need to reaffirm and uphold their basic sentiments and values. Not only does religion in itself bring about social cohesion, but often, the hostility and prejudice directed at its members by outsiders also helps strengthen bonds between those members. Yet it is Freud who asserted that religion develops from the need to ward off the horrors of nature; particularly the cruelty of death and also to compensate for the deprivations which culture imposes on the individual. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the process of achieving a certain degree of social life; the values serve an important function in terms of determining which attitudes and behaviors are right or wrong, fair or unfair. It is possible to define social values as basic abstract principles or generalized moral beliefs that guide our attitudes and behaviors.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Correct choice is C

Yanıt Açıklaması: Sociology of law must include the following components; (1) an understanding of the longstanding historical context of the development of law (2) an analysis of historical context that considers the developments of the economic structure as it correlates with the developments of law (3) particular attention should be allocated to the role of ideology and cultural factors, which contributes to the social construction of law in conjunction with economic factors already discussed (the sociology of law is therefore not restricted to a discussion of the role of the economy) (4) an inclusion of a discussion of the functions of law.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Economics sociology analyses the social principles of production, circulation, sharing, and consumption relations. Production amount is what the discipline of economics analyses.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Single-parent families are increasing. In the US, between 1960 and 2016, the percentage of children living in families with two parents decreased from 88 to 69. In 2016, in 23% of the families, children are living with a single mother (USCB, 2017).

Yanıt Açıklaması: It is widely believed that industrialization and the growth of scientific knowledge would lead to diminish the role of religion in society. From the perspective of classical secularization theory, the decline in orthodox Christian beliefs and practices in most parts of the West is interpreted as a part of a more general decline in the power of religious institutions and ideas. This is explained with reference to various social processes (e.g., differentiation, rationalization, industrialization, and urbanization) which are loosely connected to “modernization.” The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The most important difference between morality and legal rules is the systematic and organized formation of legal rules, although moral rules are scattered and unorganized. Besides, while the sanction of morality is conscience, the law consists of material and compulsive sanctions imposed by the state power.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Marxist feminists argue that women absorb the anger that would otherwise be directed at employers and capitalism. The exploitation of men at work makes women suffer, for instance, from domestic violence.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to sociological approach, religion should primarily be taken a social rather than theological or psychological phenomenon.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The concept of anomie is introduced to the sociological thinking by Emile Durkheim first time in the history of sociological thinking. The anomie that Durkheim has described refers to a state of normlessness and irregularity that arises in periods of social changes and irregularities, in the event that the social order deteriorates or fails to operate. In this case, people become more aggressive and depressed, resulting in an increase in violence, crime and suicide rates. Anomie is related to a social situation, not to a personal state of mind. It is caused by the tension between individual interests and collective cultural conscious. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the power relations: Matriarchy and patriarchy Matriarchy and patriarchy are the terms defining family patterns according to the power relations. Matriarchy is the social organization based on female power. In matriarchal societies the head of the family is the mother. The term was adopted by 19th century anthropologists and social theorists. Matriarchal societies are not societies in which women rule over or dominate men. In this respect, matriarchy is not the reversal of patriarchy. Matriarchal societies are egalitarian societies, they are free of domination. However, there are social codes and guidelines.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Civil religion is a quasi- religious belief by which people display loyalty to their society often in the form of nationalism or patriotism. As Peter Berger and Robert Bellah suggest, today’s religion has moved away from the institutionalized framework of dogma and devotion; it has become more subjective, personal, and a privatized form of inner faith that maintains its influence primarily within the family. As religions themselves become more secular, they talk less about other-worldly affairs like hell and heaven and cycle of rebirths but more about secular affairs such as improving the quality of life.