Organızatıonal Theory & Design

Yanıt Açıklaması: Confirmation bias is the product of perceptual selectivity. Since the decision- maker looks for the information confirming his/ her past choices, he/she tends to ignore the sources that o er contradicting information. He/she pays attention to choose the sources playing along with his/her past choices. e individual’s tendency to eliminate the information contradicting his/her past choices, accept the information confirming the anticipated opinion and approach the data against the current opinion critically and doubtfully make him/her decide under the influence of past experiences. And, the information we collect with these biases make up the biased data to tell us what we want to hear. The correct answer is Choice C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As an alternative approach to generic strategy, Miles and Snow developed four business strategies: Prospectors, Defenders, Analyzers, and Reactors in order to deal with environmental uncertainty

Yanıt Açıklaması: Exploitation encompasses "customer-supplier network, incremental development, product management, and complementary assets".

Yanıt Açıklaması: Technology exploitation refers to the utilization of technologies to improve organizational performances of products, services and processes.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Organizational culture has three levels, namely basic assumptions, espoused values, and artifacts.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Planning, Intelligence, Negotiation, Realization and Control are the five steps for external technology exploitation. Selection is not one of the five, so the correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Step 1. Define the problem: e process of defining the problem involves defining the underlying causes and related assumptions of the problem, the system, and organizational limitations, or any stakeholder problem. e aim here is to turn the problem into a clear, single- sentence problem statement that explains both the initial conditions and the desired conditions. The correct answer is Choice C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Code of conduct determines how one should behave within the organization.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The final step in the change process is to evaluate how successful the change effort has been. Using measures such as changes in market share, in profits, or the ability of scientists to innovate new drugs, managers compare how well an organization is performing after the change with how well it was performing before. Managers also can use benchmarking which refers to comparing their performance on specific dimensions with the performance of high-performing organizations to decide how successful a change effort has been.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ouchi describes three types of organizations which are called Type J, Type A, and finally Type Z. Type J depicts features of the typical one of which is slow evaluation and promotion.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Only Technology Measurement belongs to Technology Management Framework, therefore the correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: By the end of 1970s modern societies witnessed widespread diffusion of individualism that alienated people from the society. Lonely people searching for an identity celebrated organizational culture as a haven. Organizational culture allowed people to answer aching questions for raison d’etre! “Who am I, what is my reason for being in this world? what this organization stands for?” are all examples of questions asked and generally found an explanation within the concept of organizational culture. Production process was upgraded to an advanced level in which automation became widespread. Moreover, the volume of service industry gradually surpassed goods production in many developed countries. us, employees had to be more customer-focused and technically qualified. Consequently, skilful and well- trained employees preferred independent working conditions. Organizational culture, as a way of controlling employee behaviour, allows members to use their judgment, and act more freely within de ned organizational norms. Once members of the organizations cultivated with organizational values, close supervision will be redundant. Machine bureaucracy gradually became less useful in managing people: Scientific management was the paradigm relevant to 1960s and 1970s. During 1980s validity of scientific management as the only paradigm for managing people started to be scrutinised. e effectiveness of objective and mathematical management techniques like time-and-motion studies was challenged. is movement led scholars focusing on the human aspect of management, or in other words, “soft” aspects of organizations. After the devastation experienced by Japan following the 2nd World War, Japan’s reborn as an economic power found to be related to the Japanese management style. Globalization which is generally equated with getting rid of economic, political, cultural, and technological barriers led to an increase in awareness and curiosity in the global west for the east. It was self-evident that Japanese miracle was mostly related to the Japanese cultural value system and its reflections within Japanese organizations. Other countries also tried to understand and encapsulate these re ections for themselves, and hence the interest in the cultural aspect of organizations tend to strengthen. The correct answer is Choice E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Organizations establish buffer units or departments to control uncertainty and to protect their technical cores from external effects. The units which have buffering roles are responsible for absorbing environmental uncertainty. These departments apply systematic procedures during the exchange of resources -supplies, raw materials, labor- between an organization and its environment.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Invention refers to the emergence of an idea. The key mechanism of invention is exploration, which includes things represented by words such as search, variation, risk-taking, experimentation, play, flexibility, and discovery. Invention includes generating an insight about the customers’ problem or need and profoundly understanding this problem or need. The insight could be finding a problem that others have missed or perhaps uncovering a potential new solution to a well-understood problem. Four behaviors trigger generating insights: questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting. The correct answer is Choice E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Planned change models view development as a repetitive sequence of goal formulation, implementation, evaluation, and modification of a pictured end state based on what was learned or intended by the people involved.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Decision criteria & process is one of the steps in selection process, the other options are not related to this process, so the correct answers E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The sentence describes technology management so the correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Radical innovation is based on existent business model and exploring novel technology, and development of new and different products such as biotechnology for pharmaceutical companies, jet engines for airplane manufacturers, and fiber-optic cable for telecommunication companies. Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough. Architectural innovation combines technological and business model disruptions. Process innovation refers to a company’s effort to refine and improve its current processes. Routine (incremental) innovation is based on having the existing business model, exploiting the existing knowledge base and small improvements of existing products. The correct answer is Choice A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The factors affecting the process of constructing organizational culture are: organizational history, founder and top management team, mission and vision statement, human capital, power relations and authority, communication styles, reward and discipline systems, organizational environment.