Information Technologies

Yanıt Açıklaması: If-Then rule, k-nearest neighbor, Bayesian classifiers and Naïve Bayesian classifiers are used for classification purposes. On the other hand, regression is one of the mostly known prediction algorithms. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Radio wave is a component of unguided media while the remaining options are components of guided media. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A device driver is a system software that operates or controls a particular hardware device (e.g., graphic card, printer, scanner, etc.) that is connected to a computer. It allows a computer to communicate with these internal or external peripheral devices. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Requirement collection and analysis entails establishing requirements based on the intents and expectations of users, and implementing them as rules or constraints for the database. The others options are not correct. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Web is based on four key technologies:HTML (Hypertext Markup Language),HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), Web Servers and Web Browsers. E is the correct answer.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Memory Management OS keeps tracks of primary memory i.e. what part of it is in use by whom, what part is not in use etc. and allocates the memory when a process or program requests it. Programs to be executed by the computer systems first must be loaded into the main memory. A set of processes, together with the data they access, reside in the memory. A process must be in memory to be executed. OS manages memory in a way that many processes reside in memory simultaneously.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Data models can be grouped as conceptual or high-level data model, low-level or physical data models and implementation or representational data models.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Electronic business (E-business) can be simply defined as conducting business via electronic medium, e.g. over the internet.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In a mesh topology, each device has a point- to-point connection with a single or multiple devices. Either routing or flooding operations can transmit the messages. In this topology, there exist redundant links in the network. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Requirements should be detailed, relevant, descriptor, unambiguous, complete and conistent.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The main benefits of e-business: • Reducing operating costs of business and its processes and avoiding consumption, • Increasing market opportunity (Faster access to the market and customer trends), • Fast access to customers: enabling them to access the information about products or services they need at any time (7/24), • Elimination of processing errors, • Strengthening internal management, • Supply chain management: Provide uninterrupted (continuous) supply chain, • Reduction of sales cycles, • Increasing visibility, • Communication improvements, • Predicting the fall in the probable life curve of product. The main challenges in e-business are: • Determining customer’s changing needs, • Organizational structure, • The high speed of the development of IT, • Integration of the front and back-end systems of the organization, • A lack of qualified human resources, • The complexity of ensuring security,• Growing competition, • Effective and efficient customer service (high availability, ease of use, personalized systems), • High quality access, • Expensive. While A, B, C, D are the benefits of e-business, E is one of the challenges.

Yanıt Açıklaması: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML is the language that describes and defines the content of a web page. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP is an application protocol that contains the rules for transferring text, image, sound, video, and other multimedia. Web Servers: A computer that hosts a website on the Internet is called a web server. These computers supply content to web browsers. Web Browsers: Users send HTTP requests to web servers by client programs called web browsers. Some of the most common browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Association is referred as patterns frequently purchased together. Mining association is the process of discovering relations among data.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Using the primary key of one entity and inserting it to the other entity types relation as a foreign key is one of the three possible approaches to mapping 1:1 binary relationship types. The correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the first generation ( Vacuum Tubes-1940-1956) the vacuum tubes were used as the basic components for memory in the first generation computers. Punch cards, magnetic tape, and paper Regarding the main features of the first generation computers, in general, their sizes were very large (non-portable), their energy consumption and heat release to the environment were too high. Those computers were relatively very slow (solve only one problem at a time) and quite expensive. They used machine code as the programming language and used batch processing operating system. In the second generation (Transistors-1956 - 1963) transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation computers. Those computers were cheaper, consuming less power, smaller in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation computers. In this generation, magnetic cores were used for the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks for secondary storage devices. Low-level programming languages such as assembly language, batch processing and multiprogramming operating system were used as well. The computers belonging to the third generation (Integrated Circuits-1964- 1971) used integrated circuits instead of transistors. These computers were smaller in size, more reliable, faster and more efficient than the previously developed ones. In this generation, remote processing, high- level programming languages, multiprogramming operating system were used. The fourth generation computers (Microprocessors-1971-Present used Very or even thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip to form a microprocessor. These computers became more compact, powerful, portable, reliable, cheaper, and easily available. Real time networks, time-sharing, distributed operating system and high-level languages were used in this generation. The fifth generation computers (Artificial Intelligence-Present and Future), based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though certain applications such as computer vision and pattern recognition are being used today. The use of parallel processing enabled hardware and software allow computers to perform artificial intelligence based tasks. It is evident that quantum computation and nanotechnology would change the computers dramatically in the near future. The correct answer is Choice B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A local area network (LAN) interconnects communication devices within a small geographical area such as an office, home or a building. The right answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Data cleaning includes processes of filling missing values, correcting inconsistencies, identifying outliers and getting rid of them. Missing values can be filled with attribute mean, attribute mean of all tuples belonging to the same class of the given tuple containing missing values, overall system mean, and a prediction produced by a learning algorithm.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel, is used for reviewing and editing spreadsheets. Spreadsheets can be thought of tables filled with data in the form of numbers, dates, strings etc. Spreadsheet programs are powerful tools for getting meaning out of raw data. It helps to discover trends and patterns using data bars, sparklines, color coding, and icons. Even helps summarize and illustrate insights by charts and graphs.

Yanıt Açıklaması: George Stibitz performed the first remote computation by using a teletype to send commands to the Complex Number Computer in New York in 1940.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The main steps for designing a database are; requirement collection and analysis, conceptual design, logical design, and physical design. Low level design is not one of the steps. The correct answer is E.